• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2018

Chicken feathers could be classified into early-feathering (EF) and late-feathering (LF) depending on the development and patterns of the wing and tail feathers. Currently, feather-sexing is a widely used chick sexing method in the industry. This study was carried out to suggest the method of classifying of EF and LF chicks to establish auto-sexing Korean native chicken (KNC) strains. The development and morphology of wing feathers and tail feathers in 856 KNCs from hatching to 55-days old were analyzed to classify EF and LF chicks. We also performed PCR analysis using K-specific gene primers to confirm the agreement between the phenotypes and genotypes of EF and LF chickens. In the results, the EF chicks had long primaries and coverts, and there was a significant difference in length between primaries and coverts. The LF chicks had shorter primaries and coverts than the EF chicks, and showed little difference in the length between primaries and coverts. LF chicks could be classified into four groups: LF-Less, LF-Scant, LF-Equal and LF-Reverse according to their wing feather patterns. EF chicks had 1.5 times longer primaries than LF chicks until they were 15-days old, but the lengths were almost the same at 50-days old. The tail feathers of the EF chicks were apparent at 5-days old, but those of the LF chicks were short and indefinite at that time. When EF and LF chicks were classified by the length of primaries being more or less than 9 mm, the classification accuracies for EF and LF chicks were 96.2% and 85.4%, respectively, compared to the PCR results. In conclusion, juvenile EF and LF KNC showed distinct differences in feather development and morphology, and could be easily distinguished at one day-old.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the survival rate of AndroMed and Tris-egg yolk extender for cryopreservation of Korean Native Bull Semen (Chick Cow). Semen was collected from a Korean Native Bull Semen over 3 year's old. The semen was diluted 1:1 by AndroMed and Tris-egg yolk extender. The pellet was diluted to final sperm concentration of $5{\times}10^7$ cell/ml by doubling in every 10 minutes at $4^{\circ}C$ cold chamber. The semen was equilibrated for 1 hrs at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straw. The semen straws were located above 5 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes. And then the frozen straw was plunged to LN2. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath. The survival rates was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Tris-egg yolk extender than AndroMed extender ($89.7{\pm}19.8$ vs. $73.4{\pm}11.2$). However, motility was no significant differences ($78.4{\pm}18.7$ vs. $67.9{\pm}14.6$). Survival rate in time of equilibration between visual and CASA program had higher in 2 h ($86.33{\pm}9.4$ vs. $92.32{\pm}12.4$) than in 5 h ($78.20{\pm}7.8$ vs. $88.28{\pm}13.1$) 15 h ($65.24{\pm}6.6$ vs. $76.48{\pm}17.3$) 20 h ($56.26{\pm}4.6$ vs. $67.73{\pm}18.4$). The development rates to cleavage was higher in Tris-egg yolk extender than AndroMed extender (82.2% vs. 81.7%). Similarly, the development rates to blastocyst was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Tris-egg yolk extender than AndroMed extender (42.3% vs. 29.6%). In conclusion, the obvious impact of this study will be its practical application to improve viability and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and AI, Which in turn will be beneficial to animal genetic resources conservation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1988

There's been arguments on the different morphological status between the nucleus accumbens septi and nucleus fundus striati of ventral striatum. Authors carried out the comparative study on the neuronal cell types of these nuclei, in the chick and the rat. Results are summarized as follows: In the nucleus accumbens septi of the chick, there found 3 main cell types. Type I cells are oval or spindle-shaped. They are the most abundant cell types, comprising more than 80% of neurons. The pale nucleus is usually indented. The cytoplasm is also pale and contains small amount of mitochondria, rough r-ER and Golgi complexes. This cell has a few symmetric synapses on the cell membrane. Type II cells are pale large cells. They are polygonal or irregularly-shaped. They contain pale spherical nucleus, and the pale cytoplasm with relatively large amount of mitochondria, free ribosomes and well-developed Golgi complexes. Some axo-somatic synapes are found on the cell. Type III cells are oval or spherical-shaped. The nucleus is relatively pale and large, In the dense cytoplasm, well developed. r-ER formed typical Nissl's body, and there found many mitochondria, ribosomes and lysosomes. In the chick fundus striati nucleus, there also found 3 main cell types. Type I cells are small and spindle-shaped. This type is the most abundant one and constitutes more the 80% of the neurons. Morphological features other than it's shape, is generally similar with that of Type I cell in the nucleus accumbens. Type II cells are irregularly shaped large cells. Dense cytoplasm contains large amount of cell organelles. Some axo-somatic synapses are found. Type III cells are small dense cells. This oval cell contains the oval nucleus, and the plentiful cytoplasm with well developed r-ER, ribosomes and mitochondria. In the nucleus accumbens septi of the rat, there found 4 main cell types. Type I cells are small, oval or spherical cells, comprising more than 90% of all the neurons. Spherical nucleus shows typical chromatin rim along the nuclear membrane. Dense cytoplasm contains many ribosomes and mitochondria. Type II cells are large oval cells. The eccentric nucleus is deeply invaginated. Pale cytoplasm contains large amount of ribosomes, Golgi complexes, mitochondria, and dense bodies. Type III cells are pale, large, oval cells. They contain moderate amount of ribosomes and mitochondria, and some scattered stacks of r-ER. Type IV cells are small pale cells. Small oval nucleus is indented and shows chromatin rim. Only small amount of ribosomes and mitochondria can be found. In the nucleus fundus striati of the rat, there also found 4 main cell types. Type I cells are spherical or oval cells, comprising more than 90% of the neurons. The chromatin rim of the spherical nucleus is not so prominent as compared to the rim of type I cell in the nucleus accumbens septi. The cytoplasm contains moderate amount of mitochondria, ribosomes and some scattered r-ER. A few axo-somatic synapses were found. Type II cells are small round or polygonal cells. Golgi complexes are especially well-developed in this cell type. The cytoplasm also contains moderate amount of mitochondria, ribosomes, and dense bodies. Type III cells are small cells. The large nucleus shows prominent chromatin rim. The cytoplasm contains many ribosomes and mitochondria. Type IV cells are large, spheircal or oval cells. The nucleus is deeply indented. The plentiful cytoplasm contains large amount of ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, neurotubules, but not r-ER. In the present study, it is clear that the nucleus accumbens septi and the nucleus fundus striati are independant cell groups, according to their cytoarchitectonics and the ultrastructural features of their cell types.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.181-188
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the metabolic energy levels of Korean native chicken breeder diets on laying performance, egg quality, fertility and hatchability. On the basis of dietary metabolic energy values (2,800, 2,700, and 2,650 kcal/kg), 168 twenty-week-old 'Woorimatdag' breeders (maternal line) were divided into three treatment groups (four replications per treatment with each replicate containing 14 birds) and reared until 32 weeks of age. We found that the body weight of hens increased with age, although there were no significant differences among treatments with respect to body weight or egg weight. Egg production ratio at 20-24 and 24-28 weeks of age tended to be low in birds fed the 2,700 and 2,650 kcal/kg diets, although the differences among treatments were none significant. Feed intakes was significantly decreased as the metabolic energy level reduced (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among treatments with respect to feed conversion ratio or the strength and thickness of eggshell. Similarly, we detected no significant differences among the three metabolic energy levels with regards to fertility, hatchability, or chick weight. In conclusion, our findings indicate that during the initial phase of laying, the metabolic energy level of 'Woorimatdag' breeder diets could be lowered to 2,700 kcal/kg without significantly influencing the laying performance of breeders or egg quality, fertility and hatchability, and chick weight.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.237-244
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• 1992

In order to observe the infectivity, growth and development and adult morphology of Metorchis orientalis, a total of 40 chicks were experimentally infected with 100 metacercariae respectively, collected from Pseuderasbora larva. The worms of various developmental stages were recovered from chicks at 1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 1:k and 21 days after infection, and they were prepared for morphological observations and measurements. All of the worms were found in the gallbladders of chicks, and their recovery rate was 32% in average. The growth of the body was rapid from 9 to 11 days after infection. The genital primordia appeared in 1.5 and 3-day old worms, and ovary and testes were first observed in 5-day old worms. Thereafter, genital organs gradually matured and completed up to 11 days after infection. The adult worm was leaf-like, and possessed a con- voluted tubular seminal vesicle, an ovoid ovary, a sac-like seminal receptacle, 2 lobed-testes and follicular vitellaria. Eggs were $31.9{\times}15.3{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$ in average size, ellipsoid to elliptical in shape and possessed abopercular thickenings. From the above results, it is concluded that M. orientalis grows in sigmoid pattern in chicks, and their genital organs fully matul.e between days 9 and 11. It is also confirmed that a chick is a new definitive host of M. orientalis.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1990

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of different body hair color (Native type) and commercial white laying hen (Improvement, Nick Chick strain) on cholesterol, triglyceride and protein concentration in serium. Experimental hens were selected out of yellow-brown body hair color strain (10 heads), green-black body hair color strain (13 heads), white body hair color strain (7 heads), black-bone strain (10 heads) as native type and commercial white laying hen (30 head,3) as improved variety. Experimental diet was fed identically for 4 weeks in total groups. The results of the experiment obtained were summerized as follows：1. Serium cholesterol contents were the highest in commercial white laying hen ($172.50\pm$13.45 mg/100 $m\ell$) (p＜0.01;, and higher in white color strains than body hair color strain groups. Body hair color strain groups were similar in serium cholesterol contents. 2, Serium triglyceride concentration also showed no response among native type groups, however commercial white laying hen group shelved significatly difference. (p＜0.01) 3. Serium protein contents were the highest in commercial white laying hen group ($6.24\pm$0.23 mg/100 $m\ell$). (p＜0,01) Increasing the serium cholesterol, triglyceride and protein contents in commercial white laying hen group than color strain group of native type was considered to improved grade.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1750-1757
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• 2000

A total of 864 broiler chicks were used at Kansas State University and the University of Nebraska to determine the effects of heat treatment of two soybean genotypes on the growth performance. The soybeans were Williams 82 variety with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Heat treatment (autoclaving at $121^{\circ}C$ and $1.1kg/cm^2$) was applied for 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 min, resulting in a $2{\times}6$ factorial arrangement of treatments. Station and station treatment effects occurred, indicating that response in nutritional value of the soybean genotypes to heat treatment varied from year to year and location to location. However, the interactions were in magnitude of response rather than direction of response, with greater reductions in trypsin inhibitor concentrations for the soybeans heat processed at the Nebraska location. Pooled data indicated that -K supported greater (p<0.001) ADG, ADFI and gain/feed than the +K genotype. As the length of heat treatment increased, the ADG, ADFI, and the gain/feed ratio increased for chicks fed both soybean genotypes (p<0.0001). However, heating the -K soybeans resulted in a greater response in ADG, ADFI, and gain/feed than heating the +K soybeans (genotype heat treatment interaction, p<0.001). Pancreatic weights (mg pancreas/g of BW) of chicks fed -K soybeans were reduced compared to those from chicks fed +K (p<0.001). Increasing heat treatment decreased pancreas weights in chicks fed both soybean genotypes (p<0.001). Chicks fed heated soybeans in the Nebraska experiment had lower pancreatic weights than chicks fed heated soybeans in the Kansas experiment (station heat treatment interaction, p<0.0001). Chick growth performance was improved and pancreatic weights decreased by feeding raw -K soybeans versus raw +K soybeans, and by increasing heat treatment of both soybean genotypes. However, the response to heat treatment was not independent of genotype. Both +K and -K soybeans heated for 24 min supported similar ADG, ADFI, gain/feed, and pancreas weights, although chicks fed raw +K soybeans had lower growth performance than chicks fed -K soybeans. In conclusion, raw -K soybeans supported greater growth performance in broiler chicks than raw +K soybeans, although this advantage was lost when both soybean genotypes were heated for 24 min. Heat treatment of +K soybeans supported similar growth performance to heated -K soybeans, even though +K soybeans supported lower rates and efficiencies of gain than -K soybeans when fed raw.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo and in vivo antibiotic effect of crude fucoidan extracted from Hizikia fusiforme, and to investigate any possible structural changes of broiler chick's intestinal villi by the supplementation of fucoidan. Total 84 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 treatments, control and Salmonella typhimurium infection groups. The broiler chicks was infected with Salmonella typhimurium at third days, and antibiotics, fucoidan, dried Hizikia fusiforme, dried Undaria pinnatifida and yeast cell debris was respectively supplemented for each group. Each treatment had 4 chicks with three replications. Extraction yield of crude fucoidan from Hizikia fusiforme was 5.453%. Antibiotic effect of fucoidan was not detected in vitro, inhibition zone and micoorganism growth test. Weight gains of broiler chicks were tend to higher in fucoidan treatment group and yeast cell significance was not found. In in vivo test, the number of viable Salmonella typhimurium was low in the antibiotics and fucoidan treatment groups. The intestinal villi were short in the fucoidan and marine algae treatment groups. The intestinal villi were densely distributed on the large intestinal wall, but the morphology was not different among treatments.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.543-554
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• 1992

True metabolizable energy(TME) is believed a better indicator for animal performance than apparent metabolizable energy (AME) for excluding the endogenous energy losses from excreta, However few researches have been conducted to compare superiority of any energy systems through practical animal feeding tests. Present study was to compare the energy systems in young chicks in terms of predictability of energy intake for the birds performances including body energy retention and of methodological accuracy by evaluating reproducibility and additi-vity of energy values of feed ingredients and compound diets. Five ingredients such as yellow corn wheat soybean meal fish meal and wheat bran were measured for their various biological energy values. in the first feeding trial chicks were restric-ted-fed the basal diet at 80, 60 and 40% on weight basis of the amount of feed ingested by chicks fed ad libitum the same diet. chicks in the second trial were also restricted-fed diets at levels of 80, 70, 60 and 50% on energy basis of the amount consumed by the basak duet group fed ad libitum The diets in the latter trial were however composed of differeent formulations from the basal diet. One-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were individually alloted in a cage on 10 cages/treatment basis and fed the diets for 14 days. Individual carcass energy was measured after the feeding trials. Coefficients of variation of energy measurements were lesser for nitrogen-corrected AME and TME(AMEn & TMEn respectively) than AME and TME values suggesting taht reprodu-cibility of energy determinations by former systems could be better than the latters. The coeffi-cients for AME and TME were almkost of the same values. Additivity obtained by the rations between the calculated values and catual measurements appeared quite satisfactory for all the energy systems. Those of AME and TME however were relatively better than the other systems. Regression coefficient ${r}^2$ between energy intake by various systems and chick performances appeared higher for TME, AMEn and TMEn than AME implying that the former systems could provide better predictability for body weight gain and energy retention than the AME. The ${r}^2$ values for TME and AMEn particularly for body weight gain were on the average 0.967 and 0.960 respectively. In conclusion TME or AMEn can be recommended as choice for dietary energy system in terms of performance predictability of the birds and of procedural convenience for the measurements.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to establish the standard karyotype of the Korean Native Chicken and to find their chromosomal band markers using high-resolution banding technique. Chromosome analysis was performed on early chick embryos following in vitro culture of fertilized eggs of the yellow-brown and the red-brown lines of the Korean Native Chicken which had been established at National Livestock Research Institute. The high-resolution banding of the chromosome was achieved by treating the embryos with ethidium bromide and colchicine during culture. On GTG-banding, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited a typical chick banding pattern in all the macrochromosomes. Overall chromosomal morphology and positions of typical landmarks of the Korean Native Chicken were virtually identical to those of White Leghorn and International System for Standardized Avian Karyotypes(ISSAK). However, the lengths and G-band numbers of the Korean Native Chicken macrochromosomes were greater than those of White Leghorn and ISSAK. Especially in chromosomes 1 and Z, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited more separated bands in compared with ISSAK. In C-banding patterns, although a lot of observed cells had C-band polymorphic patterns, almost the Korean Native Chicken macrochromosomes had heterochromatic C-band on centromeres and/or near terminal part. However, the heterochromatic C-band was constantly observed at the end of q-arm of Z chromosomes and on the whole W chromosome. In addition, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited distinctive heteromorphic patterns of C-bands on the centromere of chromosome 3 and at the end of q-arm of Z chromosome between homologous chromosomes.