• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, gait and physical function of patients with low back pain. Method: This study was designed one group pretest-posttest design. Tai Chi exercise was conducted by researcher and carried out for sixty minutes per one time and two times a week for six weeks. The subjects of this study consisted of 23 low back patients. Using the SPSS win 10.0 program was used for data analysis, which included frequency, percentage and paired t-test. Result: Tai Chi exercise decreased pain, improved balance and gait, increased physical function(back muscle strength, leg muscle strength and flexibility). Conclusion: The results suggested Tai Chi exercise can be effective nursing intervention to improve pain, balance, gait and physical function of patients with low back pain.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 1977

A study has been made to find out a new method of calculating the survival rate of a fish population from length composition and growth equation. 1. In the steady state of the fish population, let the total mortality rate be z, the age of complete recruitment $\alpha$, and the number of $\chi$ year class $N_\chi$. Then ire obtain $$N\chi=N\alpha\;\exp\;{-z(\chi-\alpha)}$$ Let the oldest age in the catch be h, the average age between the age of complete recruitment and the oldest age in the catch $U\chi$. Then we have $$U\chi=\frac{a-b\;\exp\;(-z(b-a))}{1-\exp\;(-z(b-a))}+\frac{1}{z}....(1)$$ and then let be infinite. Then we obtain $$Z=\frac{1}{U\chi-\alpha....(2)$$ 2. Calculating numerical value of $U\chi$ from age composition table and growth equation and substitute in (1) or (2) for it, we may obtain the value of s and $\varrho^{-z}$. 3. This method is applied t a case of yellow croaker in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The results are as follows: Total mortality rate 0.82595 Survival rate 0.43782 95 percent confidence interval 0.43767-0.43797.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.57-68
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 6- week Tai-Chi program on improving pain, sleep disturbance, mood, and fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Method: Sixteen subjects were assigned for experimental group and fifteen were assigned for control group. The subjects of the experimental group participated in a 6-week program of Tai-Chi. Each Tai-Chi class was conducted by a certified Tai-Chi instructor. In order to evaluate the effects of Tai-Chi program, pain, sleep disturbance, mood and fatigue were measured before and after the 6th session Result: After 6-week Tai-Chi program, there were significant improvement in mood & sleep disturbance in the experimental group when compared to the control group However, there were no significant differences in pain intensity and fatigue between Tai-Chi group and control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that a 6-week Tai-Chi program can be utilized as an safe and effective nursing program to improve mood and sleep disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Long term studies of the effects of Tai-Chi on the pain intensity and fatigue may be import.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.9
• /
• pp.719-726
• /
• 2020

Education policy is a dynamic process featuring social development trends. The world countries have focused their education program on empowering the learners for future life and work. This paper aims to assess the higher education curriculum based on a survey of 280 students, employers, alumni, and lecturers in both social sciences and natural sciences in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The fuzzy decision-making method, namely the Fuzzy Extent Analysis Method (F-EAM), was applied to measure the relative weight of each parameter. Seven factors under the curriculum development have been put in the ranking. Input with emphasis on foreign language was the highest priority in curriculum development, given the expected demand of the labor market. Objective and learning outcome and teaching activities ranked second and third, respectively. The traditional triangle of teaching content, methodology, and evaluation and assessment are still proven their roles, but certain modifications have been defined in the advanced curriculum. Teaching facilities had the least weight among the seven dimensions of curriculum development. The findings are helpful for education managers to efficiently allocate scarce resources to reform the curriculum to bridge the undergraduate quality gap between labor supply and demand, meeting the dynamic trends of social development.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.587-592
• /
• 2009

The most frequent use of the chi-square distribution is in the area of goodness-of-t of a distribution. The likelihood ratio test is a commonly used test statistic as the maximum likelihood estimate in statistical inferences. The recently revised versions of the likelihood ratio test statistics are used in estimating the parameter in the chi-square distribution. The estimates are compared with the commonly used method of moments and the maximum likelihood estimate.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.8 no.10
• /
• pp.925-930
• /
• 1998

EPMA and XPS on $Bi_2Sr_2-\chi_LCa_1+\chi_LCu_2O_{8+d}$($\chi_L$ = 0.01, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) films by LPE method were performed in order to investigate Sr and Ca distributions in SrO- and Ca-layers. It is found that $T_C^{zero}$ carrier concentration and lattice parameter c monotonically decreases with increasing $\chi_L$. Sr and Ca contents in Ca-layer change in proportion to that in melt. On the other hand, in SrO-layer, Ca content strongly depends on Sr content in that layer and not on Ca content in melt. Since deficiency in SrO-layer increases and $T_C^{zero}$ creases with $\chi_L$,t is found that the deficiencies of Sr and Ca atoms in the SrO-layer has a influence on reducing $T_C^{zero}$.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.159-168
• /
• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effect of Tai-Chi exercise program on joint flexibility for osteoarthritis patients. To evaluate the effects, quasi-experimental study was used for pre and post test with a nonequivalent control group. Method: Fifty-tow subjects participated in the experiment(twenty-seven for experimental group and twenty-five for control group) and they were from two different senior citizen centers in J city. The experiment period was from April 2002 through August 2002. The experiment group took part in Tai-Chi exercise program for eighteen weeks(three times a week for four weeks and five times a week for fourteen week). The exercise was performed for 50 minutes at every time (15 minutes for warm-up, 30 minutes for Tai-Chi exercise, and 5 minutes for ending). In order to pursue study purpose, the SPSS/WIN 8.0 program was chosen for the statistical analysis; ANCOVA was employed in examining test hypothesis; t-test and $x^2$-test were used to examine homogeneity between experimental and control group. Result: The study results were as follows :Score of vertebral joint flexibility increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Score of wrist joint extension increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Score of wrist joint flexion increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Score of elbow joint extension increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Score of elbow joint flexion increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. There was a slight increase of knee joint extension in the Tai-Chi exercise group compared to control group, but without statistical significance. Score of knee joint flexion increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Score of ankle plantar flexion increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Score of ankle dorsiflexion increased significantly after of Tai-Chi exercise program. Conclusion: As shown in the results, Tai-Chi exercise program can be effective nursing intervention for osteoarthritis patient to improve joint flexibility.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.269-277
• /
• 1994

Bootstrap approximation is compared with ordinary asymptotic method in the context of minimum chi-square estimation through application in a real problem. Fixed interval search method is shown to be superior over a random interval search method or Newton-Raphson method. All the procedures are implemented by S-Plus functions.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.5-23
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the physical, psychosocial and physiological effects of Tai Chi exercise in elderly. Method: 37 articles from Medline search of foreign journals (1966-2006) were surveyed by the key words 'Tai Chi', 'Tai-chi program' and 'Tai-chi and elderly' limiting the range to age 65 or older, choosing clinical trial and randomized controlled trial research in English articles. Four articles were excluded due to methodological study, pilot study and review. The research was analyzed according to health status of the subjects, styles and forms of Tai Chi exercises, factors for physical, psychosocial and physiological measures. Result: A short forming Yang style was commonly used in chronic diseases and health for elderly. Variable outcome measures were used in Tai Chi studies relating to balance, muscle strength, walking and mobility, flexibility and cardiorespiratory function in physical measure, quality of life, depression, self-efficacy, health status, cognition and impact questionnaire in psychosocial measure, lipids, insulin resistance and hormone in physiological measure. Conclusion: Tai Chi exercise appears to have physical and psychosocial benefits and also appears to be safe for elderly and chronic diseases. It is suggested that future studies analyze statistical part of systematic reviews through meta analysis.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.103-111
• /
• 2005

This paper presents a novel automated threshold-decision algorithm that uses the mean and standard-deviation values obtained from the difference values of consecutive frames. At first, the calculation of difference values is obtained by the weighted ${\chi}^2$-test algorithm which was modified by joining color histogram to ${\chi}^2$-test algorithm. The weighted ${\chi}^2$-test algorithm can subdivide the difference values by imposing weights according to NTSC standard. In the first step, the proposed automatic threshold-decision algorithm calculates the mean and standard-deviation value from the total difference values, and then subtracts the mean value from the each difference values. In the next step, the same process is performed on the remained difference values, and lastly, the threshold is detected from the mean when the standard deviation has a maximum value. The proposed method is tested on various video sources and, in the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method efficiently estimates the thresholds and reliably detects scene changes.