• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Having an understanding of the properties of cytokines is essential for the immunologist, the researcher and the medical practitioner who need to understand immunologic diseases and immunological therapeutic approaches. Cytokines are redundant in their actions on target cells and promiscuous in their receptor reactions. (ED note: That is some cool use of English!) Moreover, many cells concomitantly produce several cytokines that have overlapping actions. Here this review provides conceptual framework to understand the intriguing aspects of the cytokine system.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2015

Macrophage-derived chemokine, C-C motif chemokine 22 (MDC/CCL22), is one of the inflammatory chemokines that controls the movement of monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Serum and skin MDC/CCL22 levels are elevated in atopic dermatitis, which suggests that the chemokines produced from keratinocytes are responsible for attracting inflammatory lymphocytes to the skin. A major signaling pathway in the interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$)-stimulated inflammation response involves the signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1). In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of dieckol and its possible action mechanisms in the category of skin inflammation including atopic dermatitis. Dieckol inhibited MDC/CCL22 production induced by IFN-${\gamma}$ (10 ng/mL) in a dose dependent manner. Dieckol (5 and $10{\mu}M$) suppressed the phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of STAT1. These results suggest that dieckol exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via the down-regulation of STAT1 activation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was to evaluate inhibitory effects of Naegwan-acupuncture($PC_6$) on acute RE(reflux esophigitis) rat induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation operation. Methods : Twenty seven SD rats were divided three groups (intact normal rat; RE control rat; RE control rat respectively stimulated by Naegwan point($PC_6$)). All rats was fasted for 18 h but free water, we induced RE by pylorus and forestomach ligation operation. Six hour after the operation, rats were sacrified, collected bloods in the abdominal vein, dissected a esophagus and stomach. The stomach was washed a 1 ml PBS to research gastric volume, pH, acidity and mucin release of gastric juice, esophagus was cut longitudinally and pictured a innter mucosa area to research damages in esophagus. The proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine including IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 were analyzed by ELISA kit. Results : 1. Significantly, death rate of $PC_6$ acupuncture rat group was decreased compared to that of RE control group. 2. Gastric Volume, gastric injury and esophageal mucosa demage were decreased significantly, too. 3. Compared with RE, all of the proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine analyzed in serum of $PC_6$ were decreased remarkably. Especially, there were significant meanings TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 in serum of $PC_6$ were decreased. Conclusion : The results suggest that antiinflammatory and protecting effects of PC6 could attenuate the severity of reflux esophagitis and prevent the esophageal mucosal damage, and validate its therapeutic use in esophageal reflux disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7243-7248
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• 2015

Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a major chemokine thought to be responsible for monocyte and T-lymphocyte recruitment in acute inflammatory conditions and recruitment of macrophages in tumors. It is also implicated in cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between MCP-1 -2518 A/G polymorphism and breast cancer risk in patients from Amritsar city of Punjab state in North-West India. Materials and Methods: We screened DNA samples of 200 sporadic breast cancer patients and 200 age and gender matched unrelated healthy individuals for MCP-1 -2518 A/G polymorphism using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: A significantly increased frequency of the GG genotype was observed in patients as compared to controls. Individuals carrying the MCP1 -2518GG genotype had a two fold risk for breast cancer (OR=2.06, 95%CI, 1.06-3.98; p=0.03). Genetic models analysis revealed a significant association between MCP-1 -2518 A/G polymorphism and cancer risk in homozygous co-dominant (OR=2.06, 95%CI, 1.06-3.98; p=0.03) and recessive (OR=1.97, 95%CI, 1.05-3.70; p=0.03) models. Conclusions: We conclude that the GG genotype of the MCP-1-2518 A/G polymorphism is associated with increased risk to breast cancer in Punjab, North-West India.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.154-160
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• 2013

Ceramium boydenii belongs to euphorbia humitusa of red algae, and is distributed along the coast of Jeju island. This study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory effect and action mechanism of C. boydenii in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. The 80% EtOH extract of C. boydenii inhibits the production of MDC (macrophage derived chemokine), an inflammatory chemokine, induced by IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ in a concentration dependent manner. It also suppressed the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1, a key transcription factor in IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ signaling pathway, at the effective concentrations. These results suggest that C. boydenii demonstrates the anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of STAT1 activation and has the significant value as an anti-inflammatory source.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2015

Objectives : The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of water extracts of Sasangja-tang(SSJ) and Gami-sasangja-tang(GSJ) were investigated. The effects of SSJ and GSJ were compared. Methods : We performed cell viability assay in HaCaT cells and RAW 264.7 cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. We measured chemokines(regulated on activation normal T-cell expression and secreted ; RANTES/CCL5, interferon-inducible protein; IP-10/CXCL10, macrophage-derived chemokine; MDC/CCL22) in HaCat cells, also we measured cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$; TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6; IL-6) and nitric oxide(NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and NO assay. Western blot assay was used to evaluate the expression for inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : SSJ and GSJ did not affect the cell viability at the concentrations treated ($0-800{\mu}g/ml$). As a result of SSJ and GSJ treatment in HaCat cells stimulated by TNF-${\alpha}$(10 ng/ml) and interferon(IFN)-${\gamma}$(10 ng/ml), the production of RANTES and IP-10 was inhibited significantly. However there was no significant difference in the secretion of MDC. And in RAW 264. 7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS, $1{\mu}g/ml$), SSJ and GSJ treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 and the production of NO. The expression of iNOS was also decresed by SSJ and GSJ treatment in RAW 264. 7 cells. Compared with SSJ, GSJ was superior to SSJ in inhibition of RANTES, IP-10, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and NO production at the concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$. Conclusion : Both SSJ and GSJ have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. And GSJ has better effects than SSJ.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2003

Background: Fibroblast functions both as a structural element and as a vital immunoregulatory cell. Fibroblasts regulate inflammation through governing of chemokine expression. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which the expressions of chemokines were regulated, the co-stimulatory effects of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines were compared using nasal mucosal fibroblasts. Methods: Human nasal mucosa was obtained from surgery for septal deviation and the growth of fibroblasts was established. Fibroblasts from 4th to 6th passage were stimulated with various combinations of cytokines. To inhibit selected signaling pathways, fibroblasts were pretreated with cyclosporin A, wortmannin, staurosporine, and dexamethasone prior to the stimulation with cytokines. The supernatants were collected and chemokines were detected with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$-induced production of RANTES was inhibited by all inhibitors used. MCP-1 was produced constitutively and $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced or $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$-induced production of MCP-1 was not inhibited by cyclosporin A or wortmannin, but by stauroporine or dexamethasone. All inhibitors used in this experiment inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN-{\gamma}$-induced or $IL-1{\beta}/IFN-{\gamma}$-induced production of MCP-2 in nasal mucosal fibroblasts. Although staurosporine or dexamethasone showed strong inhibitory effects, cyclosporin A or wortmannin did not inhibit the production of MCP-3 by $IL-1{\beta}/IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment. Conclusion: Chemokines were strongly induced by stimulation of cytokines in combination and showed different pattern of inhibition by the inhibitors. Therefore, it was assumed that cytokines acted on multiple pathways or on unknown pathways which converged to gene-specific transcription factors.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-allergy activities of persimmon leaf extract (PLE) on a phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced allergic mouse model. A human leukemic mast cell line (HMC-1) was used to examine the inhibitory activity of PLE on the histamine release by human leukemic mast cells. PLE inhibited histamine release from HMC-1 cells in response to cross-linkage of high-affinity IgE receptor-${\alpha}$ ($Fc{\varepsilon}RI{\alpha}$). Additionally, a PA-induced allergic mouse model was used to investigate the effects of PLE in vivo. Mice were orally administrated with or without PLE of single dose (250 mg/kg/day) for 31 days. Oral intake of PLE significantly inhibited passive cutaneous reactions. Oral administration of PLE to PA-induced allergic mice also led to a striking suppression of the development of contact dermatitis, ear swelling and lymph node weight. In addition, PA-specific IL-4 production of draining lymph node cells was markedly diminished by PLE oral administration, but not IFN-${\gamma}$. Furthermore, PLE treatment suppressed PA-induced thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CCL27) expressions in ear tissues. Based on these results, we suggest that PLE may have therapeutic potential as an effective material for management of irritant contact dermatitis or related inflammatory diseases.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.208-220
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• 2006

Objective: Eosinophils are typically characterized by a bilobar nucleus with highly condensed chromatin and cytoplasm containing two major types of granules, specific and primary granules, and lipid bodies. The role of inflammation in asthma and other allergic diseases of the airways is widely appreciated, and airway inflammation is now included as a defining feature of asthma. The importance of the presence of eosinophils in the airways of patients with fetal asthma has long been recognized, but the mechanism by which these cells are recruited and retained in the lungs are only now being elucidated. Eotaxin is a potent and specific eosinophil chemoattractant that is mobilized in the respiratory epithelium after allergic stimulation. Methods : Water extracts of Armeniacae Amarum Semen(AAS) and pulmonary epithelial cell lines A549(alveolar typeII epithelial cells) and human eosinophils were used. Cytotoxic effects of AAS and MIS assay were estimated, as well as the effects of AAS on chemokines from prestimulated A549 cells by sandwich ELISA and RI-PCR. Chemotaxis assay was conducted on prestimulated eosinophils treated with AAS. Results : In this study it is demonstrated that $TGF-{\alpha}$, IL-4 and $IL-1{\beta}$ induced the accumulation of chemokine mRNAs in the alveolar epithelial cell lines A549 in dose-dependent manner. Eotaxin and IL-8 were inhibited by AAS in dose-dependent manner(p<0.05). Eosinophil migration was inhibited at high concentrations of AAS(p<0.05). Conculusions : These findings are indicative of suppression of eotaxin and IL-8, and suggest that this is accomplished through AAS treatment. This raises the possibility that AAS is of therapeutic value in diseases such as asthma.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.1099-1107
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• 2007

This study was investigated the anti-allergic effect of SJSBT on DNCB induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. We summerized as the follow. SJSBT significantly decreased the clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis including itching, dryness, edema, hemorrhage, and lichenification in dose dependent manner. SJSBT markedly suppressed invasion and edema of leukocytes and mast cell in dorsal skin and ear tissue. SJSBT significantly reduced the number of CD11b+/Gr-1 cell compared with positive control, but it had no affect the number of CD3+ and CCR3+/CD3+ cell. SJSBT markedly suppressed the expression of cytokine and chemokine such as IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, eotaxin and CCR3 compared with positive control group. SJSBT significantly decreased the invasion of CD4+ and CCR3+ cell in ear and dorsal skin tissue compared with positive control group by using immunohistochemical staining. Taken together, these findings suggested that SJSBT has an anti-allergic activity and this might be useful for the clinical application to treat allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis.