• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2015

The use of cover crops has a beneficial effect on sustainable soil management in pear orchards. We aimed to compare changes in soil chemical properties and biota with the use of different cover crops. We tested the effects of five cover plants, including hairy vetch, orchard grass, rattail fescue, rye, and perennial ryegrass. Use of different cover crops had a minimal impact on soil chemical properties through three year experiments. The aboveground biomass was greatest with the use of rye. The potential amounts of returnable N and P were highest when leguminous hairy vetch was used as a cover plant. Changes in the composition of the microbial community were investigated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Microbial PLFAs were highest with the use of rattail fescue and lowest with the use of hairy vetch. Minimal changes in the abundances of nematodes and microarthropods suggested that there was no bottom-up control in the soil ecosystem. The results also show that increases in aboveground biomass and nutrient content with the use of cover crops may not promote the abundance of soil organisms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1398-1407
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine internal structure spectral profile of by-products from coffee processing that were affected by added-microorganism fermentation duration in relation to truly absorbed feed nutrient supply in ruminant system. Methods: The by-products from coffee processing were fermented using commercial fermentation product, consisting of various microorganisms: for 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. In this study, carbohydrate-related spectral profiles of coffee by-products were correlated with their chemical and nutritional properties (chemical composition, total digestible nutrient, bioenergy values, carbohydrate sub-fractions and predicted degradation and digestion parameters as well as milk value of feed). The vibrational spectra of coffee by-products samples after fermentation for 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 days were determined using a JASCO FT/IR-4200 spectroscopy coupled with accessory of attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The molecular spectral analyses with univariate approach were conducted with the OMNIC 7.3 software. Results: Molecular spectral analysis parameters in fermented and non-fermented by-products from coffee processing included structural carbohydrate, cellulosic compounds, non-structural carbohydrates, lignin compound, CH-bending, structural carbohydrate peak1, structural carbohydrate peak2, structural carbohydrate peak3, hemicellulosic compound, non-structural carbohydrate peak1, non-structural carbohydrate peak2, non-structural carbohydrate peak3. The study results show that added-microorganism fermentation induced chemical and nutritional changes of coffee by-products including carbohydrate chemical composition profiles, bioenergy value, feed milk value, carbohydrate subfractions, estimated degradable and undegradable fractions in the rumen, and intestinal digested nutrient supply in ruminant system. Conclusion: In conclusion, carbohydrate nutrition value changes by added-microorganism fermentation duration were in an agreement with the change of their spectral profile in the coffee by-products. The studies show that the vibrational ATR-FT/IR spectroscopic technique could be applied as a rapid analytical tool to evaluate fermented by-products and connect with truly digestible carbohydrate supply in ruminant system.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2003

Dry weight loss and nutrient release from leaf litter for six tree species were studied using litter bag methods. The litter bags were incubated for f6 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest in Mt. Cheonma, located at the middle part of Korean Peninsula. The changes in nutrient content and the rate of dry weight loss in leaf litter varied with litter types. The litter of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest rate of mass loss (k=0.33), nitrogen concentration (0.89%) and ash concentration (2.50%), while showed the highest C/N ratio (63.40). On the other hand, the litter of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the fastest rate of mass loss (k=0.82), the highest nitrogen concentration (1.11%), and the lowest C/N ratio (49.40). During the decomposition, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the leaf litters showed relatively slow decreasing pattern compared to other elements (carbon, potassium, magnesium, manganese and sodium), but potassium and sodium decreased at early stage of the decomposition for all leaf litters. Differences in annual decomposition rates of litter among species were consistent with the particular chemical characteristics of their leaf litters. The initial concentration of nitrogen was positively correlated with litter decomposition rate for six species, while litter decomposition rate of six species was negatively correlated with C:N ratio of initial leaf litters.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1987

To find out the nutrient contents of temperate grasses on the south and north slope, a field experiment was conducted with five forage species of Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Agrostis gigantea and Trifolium repens. It was treated by randomized block design with 4 replications and lasted from September, 1983 to October, 1986 in Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Mean chemical compositions except NFE and crude fiber of the forage species on the south slope were a little more contented than that of north. But all crude components were significant difference among the species on the south and north exposure. 2. Production of TDN (total digestible nutrient), StE (starch equivalent) ME (metabolizable energy) and NEL (net energy lactation) of different grass species on the north slope were much more increased by 5-30% per ha (Dactylis glomerata by 5-876, Festuca arundinacea by 5%, Phleum pratense by 24-26% and Agrostis gigantea by 25-30%) than that of same grasses on the south, however, those of Trifolium repens were much more increased by 4 1-42% per ha in the south. 3. Mineral contents, Ca/P ratio and K/ (Ca + Mg) equivalent ratio of the species were slightly different between the exposures. But considering the factors of occuring grass tetany, those of the forage species on the north slope were better than that of same species on the south.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.150-161
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• 2017

This study was conducted with the data of monitoring on soil chemical properties of rice paddy soils in Gyeongbuk Province. The selected soil chemical properties were analyzed every 4 year from 1999 to 2015. The soil pH measured in 2015 was higher than pH 6.0, which was 0.3-0.4 pH unit higher than data until 2007 survey year. The mean content of organic matter was greater than $24g\;kg^{-1}$ since 2003, but 35% of soil samples remained below the recommended level ($20-30g\;kg^{-1}$) in 2015. The mean concentration of available phosphate was maintained at $40mg\;kg^{-1}$ higher than the upper recommendation level ($80-120mg\;kg^{-1}$), and more than 40% of paddy soils tested were found to have less than the recommendation level during the survey period. The exchangeable K concentration ranged from 0.25 to $0.39cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. Exchangeable Ca showed an average at the optimum range ($5.0-6.0cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$) during the monitoring period. Exchangeable Mg decreased linearly ($0.02cmol_c\;kg^{-1}\;year^{-1}$) from $1.55cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ as of 1999 to below the lower level of the recommendation range ($1.5-2.0cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$). The amount of available $SiO_2$ was increased significantly from 2011 to over the recommendation level (${\geq}157mg\;kg^{-1}$). It was revealed that the soil chemical properties of rice paddy fields was influenced by topology, soil texture, type and region as result of principal component analysis or cluster analysis. Therefore, an assessment on chemical properties of rice paddy soils should be performed to consider various soil physical conditions and agronomic practices such as fertilization, cropping system, and so on. Because of the high variability of nutrient levels across Gyeongbuk Province, nutrient management based on soil fertility test is required by respective farm land unit.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.329-338
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• 1991

From July 1985 to December 1986, 28 variables of phycal-chemical factors, bacteria and heterotrophic activity were investigated 17 times at 3 stations in the estuary of Naktong River and the influences of environmental factors to bacterial population and heterotrophic activity were analyzed through multiple regression. The results of multiple regression were as follows. At station 1, total bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria(Z-25) could explain 57% of the variation of maximum uptake velocity for glucose and 54% of turnover time for glucose was explained by total coliform bacteria and MBOD, Sixty four percent of the variation of Kt+SN was accounted for salinity, MBOD-N and inorganic phosphate. Turnover rate for acetate was also accounted for the change of MBOD-P by 56%. At station 2 maximum uptake velocity for glucose depends on MBOD-N by 81%; turnover time on bacteria by 50%; Kt+Sn on avilable nutrient by 61%. More than 50% of maximum uptake velocity and turnover time for glucose were influenced by bacteria and that of Kt+Sn by the change of nutrient in the surface water of station 3. In the bottom water of station 3, the change of maximumuptake velocity, turnover time and Kt+Sn for glucose was controlled by total bacteria and available nutrient, bacteria, the change of nutrient salts respectively. On the whole, more than 50% of maximum uptake velocity and turnover time for glucose could be due to the change in the number of bacetria and the value of Kt+Sn was affected by the change of nutrient salts. Turnover rate for acetate was controlled by available phosphate at station 1 and by bacteria at station 2 and 3, which showed a distinct difference between the environmental factors which govern the rate of glucose and acetate uptake in the Naktong esturine ecosystem. And bacterial communities were controlled by available nutrients at station 1, by nutrient salts and salinity at station 2 and in the surface water of station 3 and by salinity in the bottom water of station 3.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1635-1641
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of solid-state fermentation of a compound pig feed on its microbial and nutritional characteristics as well as on pig performance and nutrient digestibility. A mixed culture containing Lactobacillus fermentum, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Bacillus subtilis was used for solid-state fermentation and solid-state fermented feed samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 for microbial counts and chemical analysis. Lactic acid bacteria increased rapidly during the first three days of fermentation and then slowly declined until day 10 and, thereafter, the counts were maintained at about 6.7 log cfu/g for the duration of the fermentation period. Enterobacteria also increased during the first two days, and then fell below the detectable level of the analysis (3.0 log cfu/g). The pH of the fermentation substrate declined from 6.1 at the start of fermentation to 5.7 by day 30. The water-soluble protein content increased from 8.2 to 9.2% while the concentration of acetic acid increased from 16.6 to 51.3 mmol/kg over the 30-day fermentation. At the end of the 30-day fermentation, the solid-state fermented feed was used in a pig feeding trial to determine its effects on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. Twenty crossbred barrows ($14.11{\pm}0.77kg\;BW$) were allotted into two dietary treatments, which comprised a regular dry diet containing antibiotics and a solid-state fermented feed based diet, free of antibiotics. There was no difference due to diet on pig performance or nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, solid-state fermentation resulted in high counts of lactic acid bacteria and low counts of enterobacteria in the substrate. Moreover, feeding a diet containing solid-state fermented feed, free of antibiotics, can result in similar performance and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs to a regular diet with antibiotics.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.17-20
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• 2011

Plant biomass is a huge carbon-complex that has potential as a nutrient. Therefore we extracted and separated useful materials for plant growth from tea leaf and stem. The pre-treatment process including high temperature ($200^{\circ}C$) and pressure (20-40 kgf/$cm^2$) was treated for several minutes and extracted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 30-60 minutes. After that the chemical compositions and ingredients were analyzed from that plant-nutrient. As a result of mineral contents, calcium and magnesium concentrations are higher than other minerals. Also the result of carbohydrates analyses has shown that the sugar oligomer consists of xylose(95.3%) and glucose(4.7%), and the sugar monomer consists in the order of xylose (52.7%) > manose (22.8%) > arabinose (10.8%) > galactose (10.2%) > glucose (3.5%). Before applied to field, in vitro plant growth system and formulation were examined. To evaluate the effect of the nutrients, both strawberry green-house and persimmon fields were used in this test. The treated persimmons were heavier than controls scored at 13-22%. In addition, the storage-period was extended in the treated strawberries. Interestingly in the treated strawberry, the contents of polyphenols were increased (38-57%). These results suggest that the plant-nutrient can afford to help for plant growth and storage, and it can be substituted for other commercial nutrients. In conclusion, this plant-nutrient may help to extend eco-friendly or organic farming in Hadong-gun area.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.247-251
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• 2000

시설화훼류 재배지 토양의 양분 집적도와 백합, 장미 및 카네이션의 품종별 경엽중 양분함량을 조사하여 토양개량의 기초자료를 얻고자 본시험을 수행하였다. 시설화훼류 재배지 토양은 염류농도, 유효인산, 치환성칼리 함량이 과다하게 집적되어 있는데 화훼류 재배지 별로는 장미 > 카네이션 > 백합재배지의 순으로 컸다. 화훼류 경엽중 양분함량은 작물별로는 백합 > 카네이션 > 장미의 순으로 높았으며, 품종별로는 백합은 'Snow Qeen'>'Le Reve'>'Casa Blanca', 카네이션'Marina'>'Super star'>'Mary Devor'> 'Madelon', 장미는 'Cocktail'> 'Marina'>'Maderon'의 순으로 높았다. 화훼류 경엽중 양분함량은 카네이션은 $T-N:1.66{\sim}2.35%$, $K:1.73{\sim}2.23%$, $Zn:2.13{\sim}6.43\;mg/kg$, $Cu:3.79{\sim}13.89mg/kg$ 범위이었으며 백합은 $T-N:0.79{\sim}1.65%$, $P:0.l8{\sim}0.44%$, $Ca:0.59{\sim}1.26%$, $Mg:0.21{\sim}0.46%$, $Zn:23.65{\sim}90.30mg/kg$, $Cu:0.99{\sim}4.62mg/kg$ 범위이었다. 또한 장미는 $T-N:0.75{\sim}1.62%$, $P:0.17{\sim}0.30%$, $K:1.60{\sim}2.91%$, $Ca:0.64{\sim}0.94%$, $Zn:24.57{\sim}48.31mg/kg$, $Cu:3.10{\sim}9.08mg/kg$ 범위이었다. 백합의 양분흡수량은 K > T-N > Ca > Mg의 순으로 컸으며, 장미의 양분흡수량은 T-N > K > Ca > P > Mg의 순으로 컸다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.610-615
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• 2010

시설 하우스 토마토재배에서 돈분뇨 액비와 화학비료의 관비 처리 효과를 알아보기 위하여 무비, 질소 기준으로 돈분뇨 액비 26 mg $L^{-1}$, 52 mg $L^{-1}$ 및 화학비료 52 mg $L^{-1}$ 4처리를 하여 토마토 수량, 생육, 무기성분함량, 양분흡수량, 양분이용률 및 토양 화학성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 돈분뇨 액비와 화학비료 관비 처리는 수량과 생육에 차이가 없었으며 돈분뇨 액비 26 mg $L^{-1}$ 처리에서 수량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 돈분뇨 액비와 화학비료 처리에 비해 잎과 뿌리의 질소와 칼륨함량은 무비에서 낮았으나 뿌리와 줄기의 인산함량은 무비에서 높았다. 칼슘함량은 잎에서 처리간에 차이가 없었으나 뿌리와 줄기는 돈분뇨 액비 52 mg $L^{-1}$ 처리가 높았고 과실내 칼슘함량은 화학비료 52 mg $L^{-1}$ 처리가 낮았다. 양분 이용률은 질소 15.8~6.7%, 인산은 3.0~6.3%, 칼륨은 29.2~43.3%로 칼륨, 질소, 인산 순으로 낮았다. 토양 화학성 중 pH는 돈분뇨 액비 처리가 화학비료 처리보다 높았고 질산태 질소함량은 화학비료 처리가 돈분뇨 액비 처리보다 증가하였다. 치환성 칼륨함 량은 돈분뇨 액비와 화학비료 52 mg $L^{-1}$ 처리구가 높았으며 칼슘과 마그네슘은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 결과적으로 토마토 관비 재배에서 토양 검정에 의한 돈분뇨 액비 시용은 화학비료 질소와 칼리를 대체하여 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.