• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.158-162
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• 1986

Various cell wall polysaccharides such as ionically associated pectin (IAP), covalently bounded pectin (CBP),4N potassium hydroxide soluble hemicellulosic fraction (HF,) and 0-3N soluble hemicellulosic fraction (HF,) were fractionated from crude cell wall of the fresh and soft persimmon by chemical method. The changesin cell wall polysaccharides were studied by gel filteration chromatography . The content of crude cell wall remarkably decreased in the soft persimmon. The decreasing rates of IAP, CBP and $HF_2$ were 59, 60 and 74%, respectively, while $HF_1$ and cellulose changed only a little during softening. Sugar compositions of IAP and CBP were 72-84% uronic acid, 5-1% hexose and 11-16% pentose, and also the hemicellulose was composed of uronic acid besides hexose and pentose that was hemicellulosic components. The loss rate of pentose in IAP, of hexose in CBP, of hexose and uronic acid in $HF_2$, of pentose in $HF_1$ increased during softening. Though apparent average molecular freight of all polysaccharides shifted from high molecular freight to low molecular weight polymer, the shifting degree of CBP and $HF_2$ was especially remarkable during softening. It is suggested that the severe softening phenomenon of persimmon involved the degradation and dissolution of wall bound-CBP and $HF_2$ which were associated with each other.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.664-667
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• 2000

Objective : Excessive bleeding from the exposed cancellous bone surface may cause serious problem such as hematoma formation, infection, transfusion reaction during operation and postoperative period. There are several kinds of bleeding control agent on the cancellous bone surface including bone wax, gelatin sponge ($Gelfoam^{(R)}$), oxidized cellulose($Oxycel^{(R)}$, $Surgicel^{(R)}$), thrombin, microfibrillar collagen($Avitene^{(R)}$) etc. In the past, bone wax was used to control bone bleeding but it is associated with increased infection rate and fusion failure. Recently, gelfoam paste has been used to control cancellous bone bleeding. We controlled the cancellous bone bleeding with the mixture of gelfoam powder and thrombin powder. Material and Methods : Seventeen patients of posterior fusion on the 4 motion segments of thoracolumbar spine were selected to compare the result of bone bleeding control. In the test group of 9 patients, the cancellous bone bleeding was controlled with the mixture of Gelfoam and thrombin powder during operation. In the control group of 8 cases, no chemical hemostatic agent was used to manage the bone bleeding during operation. We calculated the total amount of bleeding from cancellous bone surface during and after operation in the two groups and compared their statistic significance of the result which was judged by student t-test. Results : The average amount of intraoperative bleeding was 1825ml in control group, 811ml in test group(p<0.01). The amount of postoperative bleeding was 943ml in control group and 812ml in test group, there were no significant difference in the amount of bleeding during postoperative period between two groups(p>0.5). Total amount of blood was decreased in as much as 1150ml in test group(p<0.01). Conclusion : We concluded that the application of the mixture of thrombin and gelfoam powder on the cancellous bone surface is the effective control method of cancellous bone bleeding for multilevel posterior spinal fusion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.765-771
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• 2012

In this study, the biochemical methane potentials of different agricultural residues produced from agricultural plastic greenhouse were determined. Additionally, ensiling storage practice was applied on agricultural residues for its effect on biogas production. Agricultural residues of cabbage, strawberry, tomato, cucumber, and oriental melon were selected as sample. The methane potential and biodegradability of agricultural residues ranged from 149~286 mL-$CH_4/g$-VS, 27~48% (by vol.), respectively and methane production was in order of cabbage > oriental melon > strawberry ${\approx}$ cucumber > tomato. Ensiling caused difference in methane production in a range of -11~36% (by vol.) per VS compared with raw material. An increase in methane potential was presumably linked to the organic acid accumulation, cellulose degradation and decrease in methane potential was due to chemical composition change, ammonia accumulation during the storage process.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 1981

For the utilization of natural cellulosic materials by microorganisms, a potent cellulase-producing microorganism was isolated and identified as Trichoderma spp. Rice straw used as a substrate in this study was preliminarily treated with chemical solvents and/or additionally treated with acids and by heat, and then examined with the cellulase produced by the organism. Better results in sugar production by decomposing the straw cellulose were obtained, when the cellulase was produced by cultivating the organism in the selection medium, pH 5.0, for 5 days, and when the pretreated straw substrate was additionally treated with 0.1% $H_2SO_4$ sulfuric acid at $120^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The enzyme production was increased by about 20%, when 0.5% urea 0.5% phosphate, 0.1% meat extract, or 5% orange peel was added into the culture medium. For the practical purposes, the sugar production from the rice straw by the cellulase-producing microorganism can be improved by extending the reaction time of the enzyme up to 24 hr or longer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1674-1680
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• 2000

A study was conducted to compare the feeding value of urea treated and untreated mustard straw (MS) for sheep. Treated MS was prepared by adding urea-N at 1.84% and followed by packing in a pit silo for 21 days. Two groups of six empty Avikaline ewes were fed untreated (UTMS) and treated (TMS) mustard straw along with 200 g concentrate per head daily for 90 days. Untreated MS had 0.41% N and the urea treatment increased its N value to 1.58 %. The cell wall constituents were decreased in the TMS except for cellulose which remained unaffected. Dry matter intake of TMS was consistently higher than that of UTMS. Digestibility of DM, OM and fibre fractions of MS improved by the urea treatment. Ewes in both groups were in positive N balance while % N retention was lower in UTMS (26.30%) than in TMS (52.14%). The TMS fed group on average consumed 30.2 g DM, 2.9 g digestible crude protein and $0.2MJ\;DE\;per\;kg\;BW\;day^{-1}$ and maintained their weight whereas, the UTMS fed ewes lost weight. The VFA concentration in rumen liquor was higher in TMS than in UTMS. Total-N, ammonia-N and TCA-precipitable-N were also higher in TMS fed ewes. Blood glucose concentrations in the two groups were similar at initiation of the study. However the glucose concentration of UTMS fed group was significantly (p<0.01) lower than those fed UTMS at the termination of the study. Urea-N concentration was also higher in TMS fed group after 90 days of feeding period. It is concluded that urea treatment of MS improved N value of MS from 0.41% to 1.58% along with sizable improvement in nutritive value and in conjunction with 200 g concentrate, TMS can serve as maintenance ration for sheep. ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2020

In this study, the physico-chemical properties and pyrolysis kinetics of livestock mature solid fuel were investigated to know its feasibility as a fuel. Ultimate and proximate analysis results showed that livestock mature solid fuel has high contents of volatile matter (64.94%), carbon (44.35%), and hydrogen (5.54%). The low heating value of livestock mature solid fuel (3880 kcal/kg) was also higher than the standard requirement of solid fuel (3000 kcal/kg). Thermogravimetic analysis results indicated that livestock mature solid fuel has three decomposition temperature regions. The first temperature zone (130~330 ℃) was consisted with the vaporization of extracts and the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose. The second (330~480 ℃) and third (550~800 ℃) temperature regions were derived from the decomposition of lignin and additional decomposition of carbonaceous materials, respectively. The activation energy derived from model free kinetic analysis results including Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods for the pyrolysis of livestock mature solid fuel was in the range of 173.98 to 525.79 kJ/mol with a conversion rate of 0.1 to 0.9. In particular, the activation energy increased largely at the higher conversion than 0.6. The kinetic analysis using a curve-fitting method suggested that livestock mature solid fuel was decomposed via a multi-step reaction which can be divided into five decomposition steps.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6 s.134
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• pp.79-86
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• 2005

Aspen wood (Populus tremuloides, L.) was biotreated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks to observe the physical/chemical modification of wood components. Milled wood lignins (MWLs) isolated from each decayed wood were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO). As fungal treatment was progressed, lignin contents continuously decreased up to 20% after 6-week treatment. The lignin polymer could be fragmented to low-molecular phenolics, which make an enhancement of alkali solubility. Holocellulose contents were not affected severely during the period of fungal treatment, only reduction of 5~6% compared to the control. Xylose contents were decreased gradually from 23.4% to 18% after 6 weeks, whereas alpha-cellulose remained almost unchanged. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) indicates that molecular weight of lignin undergoes a slight decrement for 4 weeks of fungal treatment. Nitrobenzene oxidation revealed that total yield of NBO products of lignins were lowered ca 20% after fungal treatment. Sum of syringaldehyde and syringic acid are remarkably decreased. However, increment of sum of vanillin and vanillic acid was surprisingly observed. These results work as indirect evidence that a specific lignolytic reaction, maybe selective demethoxylaytion of S-lignin, can occur during fungal treatment of aspen wood by C. subvermispora.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.134-138
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• 2017

The white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is commercially the fifth most important edible mushroom, accounting for the production of 9,732 tons of mushrooms in Korea in 2015. The genus Agaricus has been known for its potential to degrade lignocellulosic materials. Chemical analyses carried out during the cultivation of A. bisporus indicated that the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions were changed preferentially for both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. We screened A. bisporus strains for effective biodegradation through extracellular enzyme activity using cellulase, xylanase, and ligninolytic enzymes. The enzyme biodegradations were conducted as follows: mycelia of collected strains were incubated in 0.5% CMC-MMP (malt-mops-peptone), 0.5 Xylan-MMP, and 0.5% lignin-MMP media for 14 days. Incubated mycelia were stained with 0.2% trypan blue. Eighteen strains were divided into 8 groups based on different extracellular enzyme activity in MMP media. These strains were then incubated in sterilized compost and compost media for 20 days to identify correlations between mycelial growth in compost media and extracellular enzyme activity. In this study, the coefficient of determination was the highest between mycelial growth in compost media and ligninolytic enzyme activity. It is suggested that comparison with ligninolytic enzyme activity of the tested strains is a simple method of screening for rapid mycelial growth in compost to select good mother strains for the breeding of A. bisporus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.355-365
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment (1% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 1 AHPMS, 2% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 2AHPMS) on rate and extent of degradation of mustard straw (MS) in sacco in sheep, and its in vivo digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed to sheep with concentrate (200 g per sheep daily). The treatment of straw with 1 and 2% AHP increased its sodium content by 148 and 296% to that of untreated straw (UMS). There was significant decrease in NDF and hemicellulose contents of AHP treated straw and increase in cellulose and lignin contents. Phenolic acids like ferrulic, $\rho$-coumaric and o-coumaric significantly (p<0.001) reduced by AHP treatment of mustard straw. In first experiment the in sacco degradation of DM, OM and NDF was significantly (p<0.01) greater for 2 AHPMS than for UMS at all incubation periods. The disappearance of nutrient from 1 AHPMS and 2 AHPMS treated straws continue to increase up to 96 h whereas in UMS the peak disappearance was found at 48 h. By using the equation {(y=a+b) ($1-e^{-ct}$)} the degradation rates (c) for DM, OM, and NDF were significantly higher for UMS than AHP treated straws. Level of alkali (1 and 2%) had significant effect on degradation characteristics (a, b, c and $P_{0.05}$) of DM and NDF fraction of MS. However, the effect was not pronounced on OM fraction of MS. In feeding experiment, the intake of nutrients for DM, OM, cell wall constituents and energy was higher on 2 AHPMS, whereas no effect on the digestibility of these nutrients was observed. The apparent nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.05) both in 1 and 2 AHPMS groups. Water intake by animals was significantly increased due to AHP treated mustard straw feeding. Rumen liquor pH was higher in 2 AHPMS fed animals. The $NH_3-N$ of rumen liquor was not affected by feeding of AHP treated MS based diets. Total VFA concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in UMS fed group. The fractional out flow rate of DM was higher (p<0.05) in animals fed on 2 AHPMS diets compared to UMS and lAHPMS fed groups. The population of large holotrichs was higher (p<0.05) on AHP treated MS fed diets compared to UMS. The study indicated that treatment of mustard straw with AHP changed its chemical composition towards a better feed. The nutritive value of 2% AHP treated mustard straw was better in terms of dry matter intake and apparent nitrogen retention. The higher in sacco DM, OM and NDF disappearance however, was not confirmed by in vivo data in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2009

The freezed Mulberry (10 kg) was extracted with 80% EtOH, concentrated, and fractionated with a series of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water on a separatory funnel. A portion of ethyl acetate soluble (22 g) was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by cellulose TLC, $^1H-$,$^{13}C$-NMR, FAB, and EI-MS. Quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (Compound I), protocatechuic acid (Compound II), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Compound III) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction. In antioxidative activities of the fractionated extractives using DPPH radical scavenging test, EtOAc and water soluble fractions indicated better than BHT as contro and in in vitro tests using MTT assay, there was no cytotoxicity. Also, tyrosinase inhibition and anticancer activities were not so good, but there may be a potential as a cosmetic raw material because the cell extension effect was excellent.