• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.1203-1211
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• 1999

Checkpointing is the one of fault-tolerant techniques to restore faults and to restart job fast. Checkpointing algorithms in distributed systems have been studied for many years. These algorithms can be classified into synchronous Checkpointing algorithms and asynchronous Checkpoiting algorithms. In this paper, we propose an independent Checkpointing algorithm that has a minimum Checkpointing counts equal to periodic Checkpointing algorithm, and relatively short rollback distance at faulty situation. Checkpointing count is directly related to task completion time in a fault-free situation and short rollback distance is directly related to task completion time in a faulty situation. The proposed algorithm is compared with the previously proposed asynchronous Checkpointing algorithms using simulation. In the simulation, the proposed Checkpointing algorithm produces better results than other algorithms in terms of task completion time in fault-free as well as faulty situations.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

The selection of the optimal checkpointing interval has been a very critical issue to implement a checkpointing recovery scheme for the fault tolerant distributed system. This paper presents a new scheme that allows a process to select the proper checkpointing interval dynamically. A process in the system evaluates the cost of checkpointing and possible rollback for each checkpointing interval and selects the proper time interval for the next checkpointing Unlike the other scheme, the overhead incurred by both of the checkpointing and rollback activities are considered for the cost evaluation and current communication pattern is reflected in the selection of the checkpointing interval. Moreover, the proposed scheme requires no extra message communication for the checkpointing interval selection and can easily be incorporated into the existing checkpointing coordination schemes.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.13A no.7 s.104
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• pp.607-614
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• 2006

The checkpointing schemes should reduce the process delay through managing the checkpoints of each node to fit the network load to enhance the performance of the process running on the cluster system that write the checkpoints into its global stable storage. For this reason, a cluster system with single IO space on a distributed RAID chooses a suitable checkpointng scheme to get the maximum IO performance and the best rollback recovery efficiency. In this paper, we improved the striped checkpointing scheme with dynamic stripe group size by adapting to the network bandwidth variation at the point of checkpointing. To analyze the performance of the multi striped checkpointing scheme, we applied Linpack HPC benchmark with MPI on our own cluster system with maximum 512 virtual nodes. The benchmark results showed that the multistriped checkpointing scheme has better performance than the striped checkpointing scheme on the checkpoint writing efficiency and rollback recovery at heavy system load.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.331-339
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• 2002

This paper presents a garbage collection protocol for checkpoints and message logs which are staved on the stable storage or volatile storage for fault tolerancy. The previous works of garbage collections in coordinated checkpointing protocol delete all the checkpoints except for the last checkpoints on earth processes. But implemented in top of reliable communication protocol like as TCP/IP, rollback recovery protocol based on only last checkpoints makes sympathetic rollback. We show that the old checkpoints or message logs except for the last checkpoints have to be preserved in order to replay the lost message. And we define the conditions for garbage collection of checkpoints and message logs for lost messages and present the garbage collection algorithm for checkpoints and message logs in coordinated checkpointing protocol. Since the proposed algorithm uses process information for lost message piggybacked with messages, the additional messages for garbage collection is not required The proposed garbage collection algorithm makes 'the lazy garbage collectioneffect', because relying on the piggybacked checked checkpoint information in send/receive message. But 'the lazy garbage collection effect'does not break the consistency of the whole systems.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.2533-2539
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• 1999

Two scheme are widely used for fault-tolerant systems : one is the duplex system that has a physical redundancy, and the other one is the checkpointing scheme that rolls back to the last checkpoint at a failure. The average execution time and availability are important factors for measuring the performance of the fault-tolerant systems. However, in fault-tolerant real-time systems with a time constraint, meeting the time constrain instead of reducing the average execution time is the most important factor in the performance evaluation. We analyze and compare the performance of two fault-tolerant scheme (the duplex system and the checkpointing scheme) for real-time applications.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.692-703
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• 2004

Communication induced checkpointing (CIC) is one of the checkpointing techniques to provide fault tolerance for distributed systems. Independent checkpoints that each distributed process produces without coordination are likely to be useless. Useless checkpoints, which cannot belong to any consistent global checkpoint sets, induce nondeterminant rollback. To prevent the useless checkpoints, CIC forces processes to take additional checkpoints at proper moment. The number of those forced checkpoints is the main source of failure-free overhead in CIC. In this paper, we present two new CIC protocols which satisfy 'No Z-Cycle (NZC)'property. The proposed protocols reduce the number of forced checkpoints compared to the existing protocols with the drawback of the increase in message delay. Our simulation results with the synthetic data show that the proposed protocols have lower failure-free overhead than the existing protocols. Additionally, we show that the classical 'index-based checkpointing' protocols are inefficient in constructing the consistent global cut in distributed executions.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.15A no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2008

With the advance in mobile communication systems, the need for distributed applications running on multiple mobile devices also grows gradually. As such applications are subject to H/W failures of the mobile device or communication disruptions, compared to the traditional applications in fixed networks, it is crucial to develop any recovery mechanism suitable for them. For this, checkpointing is widely used to restart interrupted applications. In this paper, we devise an efficient checkpointing method that adopts the software agent executed at the mobile support station. The agent, called the checkpointing agent, is aimed at supporting the concept of rollback-distance (R-distance) that bounds the maximum number of roll-backed local checkpoints. By means of the R-distance, our method can prevent undesirable domino effects and heavy checkpoint overhead, while providing high flexibility in checkpoint creation.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2017

We design and implement a process-based fault recovery system to increase the reliability of new memory based computer systems. A rollback point is made at every context switch to which a process can rollback to upon a fault. In this study, a clone process of the original process, which we refer to as a P-process (Persistent-process), is created as a rollback point. Such a design minimizes losses when a fault does occur. Specifically, first, execution loss can be minimized as rollback points are created only at context switches, which bounds the lost execution. Second, as we make use of the COW (Copy-On-Write）mechanism, only those parts of the process memory state that are modified (in page units) are copied decreasing the overhead for creating the P-process. Our experimental results show that the overhead is approximately 5% in 8 out of 11 PARSEC benchmark workloads when P-process is created at every context switch time. Even for workloads that result in considerable overhead, we show that this overhead can be reduced by increasing the P-process generation interval.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.93-95
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• 1999

메시지 전달을 이용한 분산 계산 환경의 검사점 작성 및 롤백 프로토콜은 조정 검사점 작성(coordinated checkpointing), 약조정 검사점, 작성(loosely coordinated checkpointing), 독립적 검사점 작성(independent checkpointint)등 크게 세 종류로 구분할 수 있다. 이 프로토콜들의 성능은 프로세스간 통신의 빈도, 통신의 패턴 등 응용의 특성 및 수행 환경에 영향을 받는다. 기존에 제안된 프로토콜 각각의 성능에 대해서는 많은 연구가 있었으나 이질적인 종류의 프로토콜들을 동일한 환경에서 구현하여 성능을 비교하는 연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 검사점 작성 및 롤백 복구 프로토콜들을 구현하고, 동일한 환경에서 성능을 측정한 결과를 제시한다. 아울러 검사점 작성 및 롤백 복구 프로토콜의 성능에 영향을 미치는 요소들을 분석하여, 이들 프로토콜의 성능 평가 기준과 응용의 특성에 적합한 프로토콜의 선택 기준을 제시한다.

• Journal of Advanced Information Technology and Convergence
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2020

A protocol HMNR, was proposed to utilize control information of every other process piggybacked on each sent message for minimizing the number of forced checkpoints. Then, an improved protocol, called Lazy-HMNR, was presented to lower the possibility of taking forced checkpoints incurred by the asymmetry between checkpointing frequencies of processes. Despite these two different minimization techniques, if the high message interaction traffic occurs, Lazy-HMNR may considerably lower the probability of knowing whether there occurs no Z-cycle due to its shortcomings. Also, we recognize that no previous work has smart procedures to be able to utilize network infrastructures for highly decreasing the number of forced checkpoints with dependency information carried on every application message. We introduce a novel Lazy-HMNR protocol for group communication-based distributed computing systems to cut back the number of forced checkpoints in a more effective manner. Our simulation outcomes showed that the proposed protocol may highly lessen the frequency of forced checkpoints by comparison to Lazy-HMNR.