• Journal of Institute of Convergence Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

This paper presents the study on applications of a surplus heat source. The heat is generated while hardwood charcoals are produced. We measure the temperature of the generated heat and analyze whether it can heat water or not. The analytic results show that the generated heat is useful as one of heat sources. In agricultural methods using a vinyl house, heating expenses will be saved by 10~20% when the surplus heat source is used.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.5 no.1 s.5
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• pp.87-93
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• 1996

This study was carried out to Identify wood and charcoal segments, which were excavated in 1994 at the Seohaean highway construction site along the western coast of Korea ; Tuntaeri, Hwasunggun. We identified the objects excavated at the fire places of the Tuntaeri dwelling sites (early Koryo period ; A. D. $11\~12C$) ; charcoal pieces and 1 wood segment, which was used for the handle of a metal hook. Chestnut(Castanea crenata), deciduous oaks(Quercus spp.) and maple(Acer app.) were identified from the charcoals, whereas the wood segment as willow species(Salix spp.). These species seem to represent warm and wet climate in the middlewest Korea during $11\~12C$.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.803-809
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• 2004

In order to activate the characteristics of charcoal in fiber systems, this was carried out to experiment with the particle size from two micrometers to ten micrometers of charcoal powders on cotton fabrics. The results obtained were as follows; The fabrics were dyed with gray colors by charcoal. The K/S values, that were indicative of the dye affinity, became higher as the increase of dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dyeing concentration. Also it was confirmed the morphology of the fiber surfaces adsorbed with the particle size from two micrometers to four micrometers of charcoal powder by scanning electronmicronscope. The cotton fabrics dyed by charcoals generally recorded 3-4 degree of wash fastness, 4-5 degree of dry-cleaning fastness, 4-5 degree acidic and alkaline perspirations and water fastness. In connection with the functional properties, cotton fabrics dyed with charcoal appeared that antibacterial, deodorization, far infrared emissivity were improved. Especially the deodorization was improved greatly by using charcoal.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.89-97
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• 2008

A downdraft gasifier was manufactured for biomass gasification. The gasifier was designed based on the principles of gasification presented in previous studies. The pipes of 25mm diameter were used for both supplying air and discharging producer gas. Wood charcoals were mostly used for fuels. The concentration of CO ranged from 25 to 35%, comparable to the values presented in other studies. The temperature outside wall of the gasifier was measured up to $400^{\circ}C$, indicating a great heat loss. When glass wool was cover over the wall, some parts of wire mesh located in the bottom of the reactor were molten down. There were several modifications that should be made in order to improve its efficiency and obtain more stable continuous gasification, including insulation, reduction in pressure loss, durable bottom meshes, the optimum length of reaction part, and safety.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.115-116
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• 2011

This study aimed at establishing the fundamental data needed to evaluate the applicability and practicability in using a bamboo activated carbon as a construction material. The experiment on the flow of mortars mixed with a bamboo activated carbon before the hardening was carried out for the evaluation of basic properties. The compressive and bending strength of mortar mixed with bamboo activated carbon after the hardening was measured. the thermal conduction rate and density were also measured. An comparative analysis on mortars mixed with pine charcoals was conducted to compare it with exiting materials.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.847-860
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• 2020

This study was conducted into combustion characteristics and gases generated by the combustion of charcoal and agglomerated charcoal distributed in the domestic using a combustion chamber based on the average space per crater of a charcoal-grilled restaurant in South Korea. Each of the three types of charcoals and agglomerated wood charcoals was analyzed for fuel and combustion characteristics. In addition, the concentration changes of CO, CO₂, NO_x, and O₂ were measured for 20 minutes depending on ventilation. As a result, CO yield without ventilation was measured in the range of 1390 to 4703 ppm, and CO yield with ventilation decreases about 29.8% to 57.4%. CO₂ yield without ventilation was measured in the range of 1.34% to 2.42%, and CO₂ yield was about 44.1% to 53.6% when the emission was more than about 1.5% at 10 minutes. The NOx yield was divided into two cases where the NO_x yield was continuously increased because of incomplete combustion, emitted ranging from 29 ppm to 47 ppm, and where emission was constant after 1 minute in the range of 9 ppm to 18 ppm. The NO_x yield with ventilation tends to be similar to the without ventilation, and NO_x yield decreases up to 62.5%. Therefore, it could be used for health risk assessment with the simulation of the usage environment of charcoal and agglomerated wood charcoal.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2007

This study was designed to analyze the economic efficiency that is needed to develop and make practical application of a mobile carbonization apparatus, which are able to make wood charcoals and pyroligneous liquid at the logging field with debris. B/C ratio was employed to make an economic analysis, and sensitivity analysis with respect to change in price and interest rates also was made. Cylindrical type is the proper type for the mobile carbonization apparatus, when important factors such as handling capacity, a carbonization time, quality of products and assembling ability were considered. It weighs 400 kg, and a three-step fold-up equipment. The size of 2 (diameter) by 2.4 m (height) carbonization equipment required 1,500 kg wood debris per batch. A forty-eight to fifty-two carbonization time produced 300 kg of wood charcoal and $45{\ell}$ of pyroligneous liquid. The average life span of the apparatus was 5 years. If the private enterprise operated 100 batch, 80 batch, and 70 batch with one apparatus, the B/C ratio of them was greater than 1, indicating that the production is economically feasible. The period to achieve a break-even point required to be 4 years in case of 100 and 80 batches to 5 years in case of 70 batch. But the private enterprises should operate at least two apparatus for the profits. Also, if the production was to be profitable, the prices of wood charcoals and pyroligneous liquid should be at least 750 won per kg and 700 won per liter.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

Carbon content, properties of micro-pore, and chemical properties of the charcoal prepared from wood powder, wood fiber, and bark of Abies sibirica Ledeb at different temperatures were investigated. The yield of charcoal decreased with increasing the carbonization temperature. The yield of bark charcoal was higher than those of wood and wood fiber charcoal. The content ratio of carbon atom in the charcoal increased with increasing the carbonization temperature, whereas those of hydrogen and oxygen atom were decreased. Ash content of bark charcoal was also higher than those of wood and wood fiber charcoal. The specific surface area of wood and wood fiber charcoal was greater than that of bark charcoal. In all charcoal, the specific surface area and the volume of micro-pore were highest when the carbonization temperature was $600^{\circ}C$, however they tended to decrease when the temperature was reached to $800^{\circ}C$. For the functionality test of chemical groups on the charcoal surface, adsorption test have performed against acidic (HCl) and basic chemicals (NaOH, $Na_2CO_3$, and $NaHCO_3$). As carbonization temperature increased, adsorption amount of HCl increased, while adsorption amounts of NaOH, $Na_2CO_3$, and $NaHCO_3$ were decreased. The charcoal prepared at higher temperature showed basic properties, while the charcoals manufactured at lower temperature presented acidic properties. Therefore, it was considered that the carbonization temperature affected the pH of charcoal.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

To evaluate the basic characteristics and adsorption properties of commercial wood charcoal, we investigated the proximate analysis, porosimetry analysis, methylene blue adsorption, removal ratios of formaldehyde, and removal ratio of ethylene gas. Fixed carbon contents of traditional black and white charcoal, and mechanical charcoal were 51.8~76.6%, 72.9~84.6%, and 48.5~80.3%, respectively. Refining degrees of the most traditional black charcoal were 9, and those of white charcoal and mechanical charcoals were zero. Specific surface area of traditional black charcoal was 0.1~13.7 $m^2/g$, which was quite lower than that of white charcoal (53.2~372.6 $m^2/g$) and mechanical charcoals (224.3~464.6 $m^2/g$). Also, amounts of methylene blue adsorption were quite lower in black charcoal (0.53~1.97 mg/g) compared with white charcoal (2.68~7.68 mg/g) and mechanical charcoal (11.63~26.10 mg/g). Removal ratios of formaldehyde of the black charcoal were 11.4~26.7%, which is quite similar to white charcoal (17.9~34.9%) and mechanical charcoal (5.5~25.8%). Removal ratios of ethylene gas for traditional black charcoal, traditional white charcoal, and mechanical charcoal were 2.2~43.5%, 21.7~39.1%, 21.7~39.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the removal ratios of formaldehyde and ethylene gas among traditional black charcoal, traditional white charcoal, and mechanical charcoal.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2012

Characteristics of charcoals manufactured in each temperature as 400, 600 800, 1,000 and $1,200^{\circ}C$ were examined. Sapwood and heartwood of Quercus variabilis that one of major species in charcoal materials were used for this experiment. Charcoal density was decreased highly 38-60% compared with wood density and density of sapwood was slightly decreased but heartwood was not changed with increasing carbonization temperature increase. Weight loss of sapwood and heartwood charcoal increased as carbonization temperature increases, and there is no difference between sapwood and heartwood charcoal. Refining degree of sapwood and heartwood charcoal was zero in charring over $800^{\circ}C$. Moisture and ash of sapwood and heartwood charcoal in each carbonization temperature were not differed between sapwood and heartwood. Volatile of sapwood charcoal was slightly higher than that of heartwood, and decreased as carbonization temperature increases. As the carbonization temperature increased, fixed carbon of sapwood and heartwood charcoal increased. Calorific values of charcoal prepared at $600^{\circ}C$ were 7,200-7,300 cal/g and then decreased slightly as carbonization temperature increased.