• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.876-881
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• 2008

마늘 고유의 독특한 맛과 냄새로 인한 관능적 품질 저하로 식품산업에서 마늘의 활용성 감소를 개선하고, 현대인의 부족한 칼슘섭취를 보완해 줄 영양성과 기능성을 더욱 부각시킨 마늘 식품소재를 개발하기 위하여 녹차, 숯과 마늘을 고온고압 가열처리한 뒤 탄산칼슘, 젖산칼슘, 구연산칼슘, 칼슘믹스, 칼슘파우더를 2% 첨가하여 칼슘첨가 녹차마늘 페이스트를 제조한 후 이화학적, 관능적 특성 및 항산화성을 평가하였다. 탄산칼슘, 칼슘믹스, 칼슘 파우더를 첨가했을 때 pH 증가와 적정산도의 감소폭이 커졌으며, 점도 역시 칼슘을 첨가했을 때 높아졌다. 당도는 칼슘 첨가에 따른 유의적 차이가 없었으며, 색도는 명도, 적색도, 황색도 모두에서 유의적으로 증가 하였다(p<0.05). DPPH radical 소거능 및 Hydroxyl radical 소거능에 대한 항산화 활성에서는 칼슘을 첨가했을 때 증가하여 칼슘이 산화를 방지해주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 7점 척도법으로 마늘맛과 마늘 냄새 특성에 대한 강도검사를 실시한 결과 마늘 냄새에 있어서는 대조구가 5.3점, 탄산칼슘 2.6점, 젖산칼슘 3.2점, 구연산 칼슘 2.2점, 칼슘 믹스 4.3점, 칼슘파우더 4.1점이며, 마늘 맛에 있어서는 대조구가 5.1점, 탄산칼슘 3.0점, 젖산칼슘 3.5점, 구연산 칼슘 3.2점, 칼슘믹스 3.5점, 칼슘 파우더 3.4점으로 나타나 탄산칼슘과 구연산 칼슘을 첨가 했을 때 마늘의 고유의 매운 맛과 향이 적게 느껴지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 칼슘첨가 녹차 마늘 페이스트는 관능적 품질과 기능성을 높인 마늘첨가 가공제품의 개발에 있어서 유용한 식품 소재로서의 가능성을 가지고 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2009

본 연구는 실내마감자재가 실내공기질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 목재주택 내 친환경 마감자재로 처리한 시험실 내부의 카르보닐화합물의 방산특성을 조사하였다. 실험 결과 포름알데히드, 아세톤 및 헥사알데히드가 카르보닐화합물의 대부분을 차지하였으며, 이 중 포름알데히드가 25.6~30.5%로 가장 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 시험실 R2-2를 제외한 모든 시험실에서 포름알데히드 방산량이 신축 공동주택의 실내공기질 권고기준치 이하를 나타내었고, 아세트알데히드의 경우 시험실 R1-3을 제외한 나머지 시험실에서 일본 후생노동성에서 제시한 기준($48{\mu}g/m^3$)을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 황토벽지를 사용한 R1-1에서 상대적으로 높은 방산량을 나타내었고, 대나무숯 패널을 설치한 R2-2에서 모든 카르보닐화합물에 대해 높은 방산량을 나타내었다. 편백으로 치장한 거실인 시험실 R1-3은 나머지 시험실에 비해 아세톤을 제외하고 전반적으로 낮은 포름알데히드와 카르보닐화합물 방산량을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2014

Environmental issues about indoor air quality have been increased and focused on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused cancer, asthma, and skin disease. Reducing VOCs has been attempted in many different methods such as using environmentally friendly materials and air cleaner or purifier. Charcoal is well known material for absorbing VOCs. Therefore, carbonized board from medium density fiberboard has been developed. We assumed that the source of carbonized boards can be any type of wood-based panels. In this study, carbonized boards were manufactured from oriented strand board (OSB) at 400, 600, 800, and $1000^{\circ}C$. Each carbonized OSB (c-OSB) was evaluated and determined physiomechanical characteristics such as exterior defects, dimensional shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, and bending strength. No external defects were observed on c-OSBs at all carbonizing conditions. As carbonizing temperature increased, less porosity between carbonized wood fibers was observed by SEM analysis. The higher rate of dimensional shrinkage was observed on c-OSB at $1000^{\circ}C$ (66%) than c-OSB at 400, 600, and $800^{\circ}C$ (47%, 58%, and 63%, respectively). The densities of c-OSBs were lower than original OSB, but there was no significant different among the c-OSBs. The bending strength of c-OSB increased 1.58 MPa (c-OSB at $400^{\circ}C$) to 8.03 MPa (c-OSB at $1000^{\circ}C$) as carbonization temperature increased. Carbonization temperature above $800^{\circ}C$ yielded higher bonding strength than that of gypsum board (4.6 MPa). In conclusion, c-OSB may be used in sealing and wall for decorating purpose without additional artwork compare to c-MDF which has smooth surface.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2013

죽초액은 대나무 숯 제조시 발생하는 강한 산성을 가진 부산물로 80-90%의 수분과 200 종 이상의 유기화합물로 구성되어 있으며, 일반적으로 토양 질 개선, 식물 생육 조절, 아토피 피부염 개선 및 항균효과 등 피부관련 질환에 널리 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 담양군에서 제조한 죽초액 휘발성성분을 direct analysis (DA)법, head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)법, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)법을 이용하여 GC/MS로 분리하고 동정하였다. 위 세 가지 방법을 이용하여 103 종의 화합물을 검출하였으며, HS-SPME와 SBSE방법에서 페놀류 화합물의 선택적 분석이 가능하였다. 죽초액의 주요한 화합물은 유효한 생리활성 물질로 알려진 cresol, guaiacol, p-ethyl guaiacol, syringol이 분석되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2011

Off-flavor and lipid oxidation are possible defects of irradiated bulgogi. This study compared the effects of several physicochemical treatments on microbial safety, volatiles, lipid oxidation, and sensory properties of irradiated beef bulgogi. Samples were separately irradiated with 20 kGy after each treatment such as packaging (aerobic and vacuum), antioxidants (vitamin C + ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (0.0 and 1.0%, w/w)), charcoal teabags (0 and 0.5%), or different temperatures (room temperature, -20, and -70$^{\circ}C$). No bacterial growth was observed (p<0.05) after irradiation of more than 20 kGy during storage at $35^{\circ}C$. Volatiles created by irradiating bulgogi were toluene, heptane, and 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene. Irradiation offflavor, lipid oxidation, and deterioration of sensory quality induced by irradiation were effectively reduced (p<0.05) by all physico-chemical treatments tested.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.701-716
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• 2022

This study investigated the distribution behaviors of PM2.5 and PM10 at two air quality monitoring sites, Go-eup (GO) and Backseokeup (BS), located in Yangju City, South Korea. The amounts of emissions sources of pollutants were analyzed based on the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS), and the contribution rates of neighboring cities were enumerated in Yangju. Yangju has a geological basin structure, and it is a city with mixed urban and rural characteristics. The emission concentration of particulate matter was affected by geological and seasonal factors for all sites observed in this study. Therefore, these factors should be considered when establishing policies related to particulate matter. Because the official GO and BS station sites in Yangju are both situated in the southern part of the city, the representativeness of both stations was checked using correlation analysis for the measurement of PM2.5 and PM10 by considering two more sites-those of Bongyang-dong (BY) and the Gumjun (GJ) industrial complex. The data included discharge amounts for business types 4 and 5, which were not sufficiently considered in the CAPSS estimates. Because the 4 and 5 types of businesses represent over 92.6% of businesses in this city, they are workplaces in Yangju that have a significant effect on the total air pollutant emission. These types of businesses should be re-inspected as the main discharge sources in industry, and basic data accumulation should be carried out. Moreover, to manage the emission of particulate matter, attainable countermeasures for the main sources of these emissions should be prepared in a prioritized fashion; such countermeasures include prohibition of backyard burning, supervision of charcoal kilns, and management of livestock excretions and fugitive dust in construction sites and on roads. The contribution rates by neighboring cities was enumerated between 6.3% and 10.9% for PM2.5. Cooperation policies are thought to be required with neighboring cites to reduce particulate matter.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.196-205
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• 2013

본 연구는 가열방법에 따른 소고기 등심과 갈비의 이화학적 및 관능적 품질특성을 파악하기 위해 구이용 잠열재 처리 이중팬과 잠열재 처리하지 않은 이중팬을 제작하였고 이를 기존 사용하는 가열방법인 팬구이, 삶기, 전기그릴, 찌기, 오븐구이 및 숯불구이와 비교하였다. 소고기 등심과 갈비의 가열시간을 측정한 결과 55.5분, 25.7분으로 오븐구이 처리구에서 가장 길게 나타났다. 가열감량은 숯불구이 처리구에서 등심과 갈비 각각 40.49%, 27.98%로 가장 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 일반성분을 측정한 결과 조단백질은 등심의 경우 전기그릴 처리구에서 29.3%로 가장 높았고 갈비는 28.6%로 이중팬구이 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 조지방 함량은 등심의 경우 이중팬구이 처리구에서 20.3%, 갈비는 잠열재 처리구에서 21.9%로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 전단력은 등심의 경우 이중팬구이 처리구에서 $9.14kg/cm^2$, 갈비는 찌기 처리구에서 $7.03kg/cm^2$으로 가장 낮았다. 9점 척도 관능평가 결과 다즙성의 경우 등심은 잠열재 처리구에서 7.67점으로 유의적으로 점수가 높았고 갈비는 팬구이와 전기그릴 처리구에서 7.00점으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 전반적인 기호도는 등심은 잠열재 처리구에서 7.11점, 갈비는 전기그릴 처리구에서 7.13점으로 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 따라서 다양한 가열기구를 이용하여 소고기 등심과 갈비를 가열하였을 때 조리방법에 따라 이화학적 및 관능적 특성에 차이가 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.169-182
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the consumers' Dining-out preference and behavior for the chilled meat consumption strategy . A total of 328 persons in Seoul, Kyunggi areas were selected by stratified random sampling method and were responded to this study questionnaire which was composed of six parts with 65 statements about chilled meat consumption. 1. The frequency of Dining-out is characterized that 'once a month' is the highest pattern of consumers(46.3%) : In that cases, the married people showed 'once a month'(52.7%) and 'once biweekly'(23.3%), but the unmarried people showed the more frequent pattern as 'once a week'(27.3%) and 'twice a week'(27.3%). And the frequency of Dining-out in relation with the education level revealed that 'the graduate people' are the highest (37.5%). 2. Generally the first food for the Dining-out is 'Kalbi'(26.2%), and the others were 'pork grilling','chilled meat grilling','fish sasimi','chinese foods','pizza' etc.... But there were some variation in relation with incomes and housing types: For the agriculture/physical labor class, they prefers the 'pork griling'(25.0%), the office work class prefers the 'Kalbi' For the house-owner group, they prefers the 'Kalbi', but the house-renting/lodging group, they prefer the 'chinese food' or 'pork grilling' etc.... 3. In choosing the Dining-out place,'quality of food'(54.3%) and 'hygiene'(21.0%) were rated as the first important factor. 4.'Soups', 'Noodles' and 'Cooked rice in casserole' were chosen as good lunch menu : for male, they prefer the 'Soups', but females prefer 'Cooked rice in casserole'. 5. People with commercials/services(44.7%) and agriculture/physical labor(50.0%) ate their lunch in private restaurant, but peoples in the office work(57.0%)/public service personnel(70.4%) and industry use refectory; and it showed significant difference. 6. Consumers prefer the chilled meat as a Dining-out menu, but they didn't recognize the difference between chilled meat and frozen meat 7. For Dining-out menu, many people proper the beef, but the price of beef was so high than pork, agriculture/physical labor class choose the pork grilling instead of beef : commercials/services/office worker prefer the beef chilled meat . 8. The first admirable cooking method for chilled meat is direct radiation grilling with charcoal and many of consumers prefer tender, marbling, some chewy and juicy, flavor, soft as a quality of meat but physical labor class prefer the some tough and chewy texture.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2007

본 연구는 목재를 이용하여 축조한 주택에 친환경마감재를 달리하여 조성한 후 실험실의 실내오염물질 방산 저감에 미치는 영향에 대해 검토하고자 하였다. 측정 결과 모든 시험실에서 벤젠, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠 및 스티렌의 함량이 신축 공동주택의 실내공기질 권고기준치 이하로 나타났다. 실험실 R1-1과 R2-1에서 다른 종류의 벽지를 사용함에 따른 차이를 본 결과, 황토 벽지를 사용한 R1-1에서 상대적으로 높은 자연적인 VOCs (Natural VOCs)값을 얻었으며, 인위적인 VOCs (Anthropogenic VOC) 및 총 VOCs (Total VOCs)의 함량도 높게 나타났다. 실험실 R1-2와 R2-2에서 대나무숯 패널의 유무에 따른 방산특성을 비교한 결과 대나무숯 패널을 설치한 시험실에서 AVOC 함량이 높게 나타났는데 이것은 패널부착 시 사용된 접착제에 일부 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 시험실 R1-3(거실)은 나머지 4곳의 시험실(침실)에 비해 낮은 TVOC 함량을 나타내었고, 다른 시험실과 비교하였을 때 TVOC에 대한 NVOC의 구성비륭이 높은 것으로 보아 마감자재로 사용한 편백의 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.401-418
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• 2000

1. Production of the artificial zeolite from coal ash Coal fly ash is mainly composed of several oxides including $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ derived from inorganic compounds remained after burning. As minor components, $Fe_2O_3$ and oxides of Mg, Ca, P, Ti (trace) are also contained in the ash. These components are presented as glass form resulting from fusion in the process of the combustion of coal. In other word, coal ash may refer to a kind of aluminosilicate glass that is known to easily change to zeolite-like materials by hydrothermal reaction. Lots of hot seawater is disposing near thermal power plants after cooling turbine generator periodically. Using seawater in the hydrothermal reaction caused to produce low price artificial zeolite by reduction of sodium hydroxide consumption, heating energy and water cost. As coal ash were reacted hydrothermally, peaks of quartz and mullite in the ash were weakened and disappeared, and new Na-Pl peaks were appeared strengthily. Si-O-Si bonding of the bituminous coal ash was changed to Si-O-Al (and $Fe^{3+}$) bonding by the reaction. Therefore the produced Na-Pl type zeolite had high CEC of 276.7 $cmol^+{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and well developed molecular sieve structure with low concentration of heavy metals. 2. Utilization of the artificial zeolite in agro-environment The artificial zeolite(1g) could remove 123.5 mg of zinc, 164.7 mg copper, 184.4 mg cadmium and 350.6 mg lead in the synthetic wastewater. The removability is higher 2.8 times in zinc, 3.3 times in copper, 4.7 times in cadmium and 4.8 times in lead than natural zeolite and charcoal powder. When the heavy metals were treated at the ratio of 150 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ to the rice plant, various growth inhibition were observed; brownish discoloration and death of leaf sheath, growth inhibition in culm length, number of panicles and grains, grain ripening and rice yield. But these growth inhibition was greatly alleviated by the application of artificial zeolite, therefore, rice yield increased $1.1{\sim}3.2$ times according to the metal kind. In addition, the concentration of heavy metals in the brown rice also lowered by $27{\sim}75%$. Artificial Granular Zeolites (AGZ) was developed for the purification of wastewater. Canon exchange capacity was 126.8 $cmol^+{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. AGZ had Na-Pl peaks mainly with some minor $C_3S$ peaks in X-ray diffractogram. In addition, AGZs had various pore structure that may be adhere the suspended solid and offer microbiological niche to decompose organic pollutants. AGZ could remove ammonium, orthophosphate and heavy metals simultaneously. Mixing ratio of artificial zeolite in AGZs was related positively with removal efficiency of $NH_4\;^+$ and negatively with that of $PO_4\;^{3-}$. Root growth of rice seedling was inhibited severely in the mine wastewater because of strong acidity and high concentration of heavy metals. As AGZ(1 kg) stayed in the wastewater(100L) for 4days, water quality turned into safely for agricultural usage and rice seedlings grew normally.