Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
/
v.37
no.6
/
pp.96-105
/
2010
This study identified the dynamic process of sandbar and vegetation distribution of the sandbar on the Tan-cheon River. The study area is located in the lower reaches of the Tan-cheon River that has been managed as an Ecosystem Reserve Area since 2002. For the study, the geomorphological process was analyzed through mapping analysis using a satellite image followed by analysis of the vegetation distribution through an on-site survey. The major findings were as follows : First, In the fluvial geomorphic process, various kinds of sandbars were developed in 1990s, the morphologic characteristics changing continuously. Second, In the distribution of vegetation on the sandbar, the sandbar shore was covered with bare sand substrate or intermittent annual vegetation because of the periodic fluctuation of the water-level due to intensive disturbances. Third, In the relationship between the sandbar formation and vegetation, four types of sandbars were classified: channel-shore stable bar, channel-shore unstable bar, mid-channel stable bar and mid-channel unstable bar, according to the fluvial disturbance & vegetation process. The study verifies that the vegetation distribution is reciprocally related to the geomorphological process. Accordingly, it is meaningful in the selection of plant species and the planting area of the sand bar. However, it is limited to the planting guidelines on river restoration projects. More diverse on-site experimental studies should be conducted.
The propose of this study is to survey the revetments installed in Gangwon Province for identifying their characteristics. The survey showed that in eastern Gangwon Province, gabion, retaining wall and concrete blocks took about 63% or more, and in western Gangwon Province, dry wall, gabion and retaining wall, 68% or more. Gabion and dry wall had better vegetation coverage in western Gangwon Province than in eastern Gangwon Province. That is thought to be due to slope of river and under-water frequency.
Landuse maps are prepared from satellite imagery and field observations were conducted at various locations in the study area. Compared to the field data and NDVI and RVI thematic maps, NDVI is better than RVI, because it compensates for changing illumination conditions, surface slope, aspect and other factors. Clouds, water and snow have negative values for RVI and NDVI. Rock and bare soils have similar reflectance in both NIR and visible band, so RVI and NDVI are near zero. In forest areas with good vegetation cover, NDVI is high and landslide occurrence is less. But if annual and biennial vegetations are present and if cultivation practices are changed frequently, NDVI is medium and landslide occurrence is moderate. In areas where deforestation and settlement is in progress, NDVI is less and landslide occurrence is more. The NDVI FCC thematic map may be used as an important layer in GIS application for landslide studies. Analyzing other layers such as slope, rainfall, soil, geology, drainage, lineament, etc with NDVI FCC layer will give a better idea about the identity of landslide prone areas.
South Korea has been undergoing spring drought periodically and diverse researches using vegetation index have been carried out to monitor spring droughts. The strength of the vegetation index-based drought monitoring is that the monitoring method enables efficient spatio-temporal grasp of changes in drought events. According to the development of low resolution satellite images such as MODIS, which are characterized by outstanding temporal resolution, the use of the method is expected to increase. Drought analysis using vegetation index considered only meteorological factor as a cause that affects vitality of vegetation. But many indirect and direct factors affect vegetation stress, So many uncertainties are involved in such method of analysis. To secure objectivity of drought analysis that uses vegetation index it is therefore necessary to compare the method with most representative drought analysis tools that are used for drought management. In this study, PDSI and SPI which a meteorological drought index that quantifies drought and that is used as a basic index for drought monitoring and MODIS NDVI are compared to propose correlation among them and to show usefulness of drought assessment that uses vegetation index. This study shows changing patterns of NDVI and SPI 6-month are similar and correlation between NDVI and SPI was highest in inland vegetation cover.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
/
v.37
no.3
/
pp.54-60
/
2009
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of three-dimensional land cover on changing urban air temperatures and to explore some strategies of urban landscaping towards mitigation of heat build-up. This study located study spaces within a diameter of 300m around 24 Automatic Weather Stations(AWS) in Seoul, and collected data of diverse variables which could affect summer energy budgets and air temperatures. The study also selected reflecting study objectives 6 smaller-scale spaces with a diameter of 30m in Chuncheon, and measured summer air temperatures and three-dimensional land cover to compare their relationships with results from Seoul's AWS. Linear regression models derived from data of Seoul's AWS revealed that vegetation volume, greenspace area, building volume, building area, population density, and pavement area contributed to a statistically significant change in summer air temperatures. Of these variables, vegetation and building volume indicated the highest accountability for total variability of changes in the air temperatures. Multiple regression models derived from combinations of the significant variables also showed that both vegetation and building volume generated a model with the best fitness. Based on this multiple regression model, a 10% increase of vegetation volume decreased the air temperatures by approximately 0.14%, while a 10% increase of building volume raised them by 0.26%. Relationships between Chuncheon's summer air temperatures and land cover distribution for the smaller-scale spaces also disclosed that the air temperatures were negatively correlated to vegetation volume and greenspace area, while they were positively correlated to hardscape area. Similarly to the case of Seoul's AWS, the air temperatures for the smaller-scale spaces decreased by 0.32% ($0.08^{\circ}C$) as vegetation volume increased by 10%, based on the most appropriate linear model. Thus, urban landscaping for the reduction of summer air temperatures requires strategies to improve vegetation volume and simultaneously to decrease building volume. For Seoul's AWS, the impact of building volume on changing the air temperatures was about 2 times greater than that of vegetation volume. Wall and rooftop greening for shading and evapotranspiration is suggested to control atmospheric heating by three-dimensional building surfaces, enlarging vegetation volume through multilayered plantings on soil surfaces.
Twenty-four wetlands located in Higashi-Hiroshima City in West Japan were selected for this study in order to investigate both the relationship between aquatic plant composition and environmental conditions; and the relationship between changing land use patterns in the catchments and the concentration of different forms of nitrogen in the wetlands. The dominant and subdominant species which comprised the principal vegetation were determined based on a vegetation census conducted in each wetland during the growing season from June to August, 2006. The seasonal variations of water quality factors (pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, and temperature) and different forms of nitrogen such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were analyzed as important indicators of water quality for the surface water of the wetlands. The surveyed wetlands were classified into three types (non-disturbed wetlands, moderately-disturbed wetlands and highly-disturbed wetlands), based on the degree of human disturbance to their catchment areas. An analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among the wetland groups in the annual mean values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic nitrogen. Classification of the wetlands into three groups has revealed a pattern of changes in the composition of plant species in the wetlands and a pattern of changes in nitrogen concentrations. A majority of the non-disturbed wetlands were characterized by Brasenia schrebi and Trapa bispinosa as dominant; with Potamogeton fryeri and Iris pesudacorus as sub-dominant species. For most of the moderately-disturbed wetlands, Brasenia schrebi were shown to be a dominant species; Elocheriss kuriguwai and Phragmites australis were observed as sub-dominant species. For a majority of the highly-disturbed wetlands, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia were observed as dominant species, and Nymphea tetragona as the sub-dominant species in the study area. An analysis of land use and water quality factors indicated that forest area played a considerable role in reducing the concentration of nutrients, and can act as a sink for surface/subsurface nutrient inputs flowing into wetland water, anchor the soil, and lower erosion rates into wetlands.
Park, Wha-Chong;Kim, Young-Jo;Sim, Bong-Sup;Kim, Chong-Suhl;Lee, Dong-Hyup;Lee, Cheol-Joo;Cho, Bum-Koo
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
/
v.2
no.1
/
pp.241-247
/
1985
Bacterial endocarditis has been well recognized as an important complication of congenital heart disease, such as ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus or pulmonary stenosis. The incidence of right sided bacterial endocarditis is lesser than left sided bacterial endocarditis. Also, pulmonic valve vegetation has been thought to be relatively uncommon. And pulmonary embolism is common in the patients with right sided bacterial endocarditis. So in a patient with fever and evidence of recurrent pulmonary infarction, changing heart murmurs and scattered pneumonic infiltrates, one should direct attention to the heart as a possible source of the infection. Echocardiography with M-mode, 2-D and Doppler mode represents the only noninvasive technic available for detecting vegetations in bacterial endocarditis. In fact, the technic is more sensitive in identifying these lesions than angiography. We experienced a case of ventricular septal defect with bacterial endocarditis, pulmonic valve vegetation and multiple pulmonary embolism diagnosed with Echocardiogram and lung scan, and confirmed by operation. Patch repair of ventricular septal defect, resection of pulmonic valve and vegetation and artificial valve formation with pericardium were done.
This study's purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 cm - 10 cm tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 cm accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type>DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.
Kim, Se-Mi;An, Ji-Hong;Lim, Yun-Kyung;Pee, Jung-Hun;Kim, Gyung-Soon;Lee, Ho-Young;Cho, Yong-Chan;Bae, Kwan-Ho;Lee, Chang-Seok
Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
/
v.46
no.2
/
pp.241-250
/
2013
Developmental process of vegetation over years after afforestation was analyzed in the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations with different stand ages. The height and diameter of Japanese larch increased rapidly until 24 years after afforestation and tended to be blunted thereafter. The density of Japanese larch was similar with each other in the 8 and 17 years old stands but was reduced greatly in the 24 years old plantation and changing little thereafter. The floristic composition of the Japanese larch plantation did not show any clear trend depending on stand ages. The differences of species composition among plantation themselves with different ages were bigger than those between plantations and the reference stands, Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) stands. Japanese larch plantations showed a trend of succession to native vegetation dominated by Mongolian oak based on the results of analysis of frequency distribution by diameter class of major tree species. Species richness and diversity of all plantations were higher than those of the reference vegetation. As were shown in the above mentioned results, it can be evaluated that Japanese larch plantations practiced in the level of the functional restoration achieved successful restoration based on the floristic composition similar to the reference vegetation, the successional trend toward native vegetation, and higher species diversity compared with the reference vegetation.
Oh, Jeong Hak;Kim, Jun-Soo;Kim, Hak Yun;Cho, Hyun Je
Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
/
v.108
no.2
/
pp.177-188
/
2019
The aim of our study was to identify the changing trends in the composition, structure, and spatial distribution of forest vegetation in Apsan Park, a representative urban forest in Daegu, South Korea. A vegetation survey was conducted in 1997 and 2016 using phytosociological methods, and a detailed vegetation map was created using the physiognomic dominant species. There were 22 vegetation types in both 1997 and 2016, but two of those types increased and two decreased. The total coverage per unit area ($100m^2$) of the component vegetation species increased from 163% in 1997 to 182% in 2016, and natural vegetation tended to be more than twice that of artificial vegetation. The average number of species decreased by seven from 25 in 1997 to 18 in 2016. Species diversity (H') increased only slightly from 1,654 in 1997 to 1,680 in 2016, while species dominance (D) decreased by 9% from 0.304 in 1997 to 0.276 in 2016. The similarity in the composition of the forest vegetation was about 78%, which was nearly the same. The life form spectrums of vascular plants changed from '$G-R_5-D_4-e$' in 1997 to '$MM-R_5-D_4-e$' in 2016 and the central dormancy type changed from geophytes (G) to megaphanerophytes (MM). The spatial distribution of the forest vegetation was reduced by approximately four times that of artificial vegetation. The number of forest landscape elements (patches) increased from 269 in 1997 to 294 in 2016, while the average area decreased by 12% from 5.8 ha in 1997 to 5.1 ha in 2016.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.