• Journal of the Health Care and Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.345-354
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of auricular acupressure with magnetic pellets on stress reduction after induced stress through a virtual reality and cognitive compression tasks for healthy college students. The control group (n=6) was to application auricular acupressure (sham), and the experimental group (n=8) was to application auricular acupressure with magnetic pellets. As a results, it was confirmed that the experimental group was more effective in regressing to baseline value (T_O) than the control group in each measurement item (VAS, EEG, HRV). Therefore, auricular acupressure with magnetic pellets is considered to be an intervention method that can be applied easily and conveniently in various stress situations.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2023

Objectives : Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is characterized by the manifestation of a variety of physical symptoms, but little is known about differences in autonomic nervous system activity according to symptom severity, especially within patient groups. In this study, we examined differences in heart rate variability (HRV) across symptom severity in a group of SSD patients to analyze a representative marker of autonomic nervous system changes by symptoms severity. Methods : Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who were diagnosed with SSD based on DSM-5 from September 18, 2020 to October 29, 2021. We applied inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) methods to generate more homogeneous comparisons in HRV parameters by correcting for selection biases due to sociodemographic and clinical characteristic differences between groups. Results : There were statistically significant correlations between the somatic symptom severity and LF (nu), HF (nu), LF/HF, as well as SD1/SD2 and Alpha1/Alpha2. After IPTW estimation, the mild to moderate group was corrected to 27 (53.0%) and the severe group to 24 (47.0%), and homogeneity was achieved as the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were not significant. The analysis of inverse probability weighted regression adjustment model showed that the severe group was associated with significantly lower RMSSD (β=-0.70, p=0.003) and pNN20 (β=-1.04, p=0.019) in the time domain and higher LF (nu) (β=0.29, p<0.001), lower HF (nu) (β=-0.29, p<0.001), higher LF/HF (β=1.41, p=0.001), and in the nonlinear domain, significant differences were tested for SampEn15 (β=-0.35, p=0.014), SD1/SD2 (β=-0.68, p<0.001), and Alpha1/Alpha2 (ß=0.43, p=0.001). Conclusions : These results suggest that differences in HRV parameters by SSD severity were showed in the time, frequency and nonlinear domains, specific parameters demonstrating significantly higher sympathetic nerve activity and reduced ability of the parasympathetic nervous system in SSD patients with severe symptoms.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.163-173
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• 2010

Objectives : The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acupuncture applied at 114 and Liv3 points on heart rate variability (HRV) in normal subjects under mental stress. Methods: 36 healthy male and female subjects were recruited and randomized to a treatment group(18 subjects) or a control group (18 subjects). After 10-minutes rest period and instrumentation, both groups performed a mental stress test(Stroop color word test, Arithmetic test. four rule of arithmetic task) for l6-minutes. HRV was recorded before and after the mental stress. And then acupuncture needles were inserted on 114 and Liv3 for the study group. In the control group, they rested for l5-minutes. And Heart rate variability(HRV) was measured. Results: In the both groups, low frequency(LF) power, normalized low frequency power(LF(norm)) and ratio of low frequency to high frequency(LF/HF) was significantly increased after mental stress. Acupuncture induced significant decrease in low frequency(LF) power, normalized low frequency power(LF(norm)) and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) which was increased after mental stress test. In contrast, control group induced no changes. Conclusions : Acupuncture on 114 and Liv3 could be useful to decrease sympathetic activity and prevent the alteration of autonomic nervous system due to mental stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.639-650
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• 2023

The levels of harmful components in aerosols from heated tobacco products (HTPs) have been reported to be significantly lower than in cigarette smoke. However, it remains unclear whether the use of HTPs can mitigate the cardiovascular risks associated with cigarette smoking (CS). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term switch from CS to HTP use on cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR). Seven healthy male smokers completed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial consisting of five days of CS, use of three different HTPs (IQOS use, IQ; lil SOLID use, LS; lil HYBRID use, LH), or non-smoking (NS). Each session was separated by a one-week washout period, and levels of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting CAR were assessed before use of the product assigned to each session and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr after use. Levels of exhaled CO and COHb were statistically significantly reduced only during NS. There were no statistical changes in SBP and DBP within any session. However, in HRV spectral analysis, log-transformed high frequency (lnHF) increased statistically significantly in IQ, LS, and NS, respectively. Normalized HF (HFnu) was significantly increased in NS and LH, respectively. lnHF and HFnu showed significant interaction effects. The findings of this study suggest that a short-term switch to HTPs instead of CS may lead to different distribution patterns of CAR, primarily driven by enhanced cardiac vagal tone.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.31
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• pp.7-24
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• 2012

In this study a practical guarding work is carried out for 180 minutes as the same as the actual guarding work that is done by nine students of the department of security services in K University in order to investigate changes in circadian rhythms during long hour guarding in bodyguards at practical sites. In the results of the tests of the heart rate variation and autonomic nervous system with the interval of 30 minutes using HRV (Heart rate variability), there are no significant differences in HRV and SDNN and that leads to maintain it stably during the guarding work for 180 minutes. In the case of TP which reflects the overall activity level in the autonomic nervous system, it shows a high significant difference (p<.05) at 90 and 120 minutes compared to that of normal states. Also, it shows a significant decrease in the level after a lapse of 120 minutes and that shows a decrease in the activity of the autonomic nervous system for the guarding work more than 120 minutes. Although differences in VLF, LF, and HF are not significant levels, these are influenced on the change in TP. The LH/HF ratio that represents the balance between the sympathetic nerve and the parasympathetic nerve shows a significant high level (p<.05) after a lapse of 30 minutes. Thus, it is considered that the concentration of the guarding work after a lapse of 120 minutes is decreased and there are some tensions and excitations after a lapse of 30 minutes since the beginning of the guarding work.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2008

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acupuncture applied at PC6 and SP4 points on heart rate variability (HRV) in normal subjects under mental stress Methods: 24 healthy male subjects were recruited and randomized to a treatment group (12 subjects) or a control group (12 subjects). Both groups performed a mental arithmetic stress test and then acupuncture needles were inserted on PC6 and SP4 for the study group. In the control group, they took sham acupuncture as a control. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured during the whole study period by FM-150 (digital Holter ECG recorder). Results: In the both groups, low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) was significantly increased after mental stress. Acupuncture induced significant decrease in low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) which were increased after mental stress test. But sham acupuncture induced no changes. Results: In both groups, low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) significantly increased after mental stress. Acupuncture induced significant decrease in low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) which increased after mental stress test. In contrast, sham acupuncture induced no changes. Conclusions: Acupuncture on PC6 and SP4 could be useful to decrease sympathetic activity and balance autonomic nervous system for those who are under stress.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.547-554
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• 2014

In this study, have researched 'a' index from three sound sources, effects on subject and finding optimal 'a' index, which can improve subject's stability, concentration and productivity. Check the health status of subjects who were selected 5 male and 5 female university students, and the period of this experiment was about two months. It were measured each subject's EEG, HRV and vibra image to analyze transition of stability, concentration, stress and heart beat. The results was measured in an environmental test room of temperature $25[^{\circ}C]$, the relative humidity 50 [%], illuminance 1,000 [lux] and air current speed 0.02[m/sec] with 'a' index of three sound sources which are a=1.106, a=1.749 and a=2.227. Results in a=1.106 compared to before exposure, relative $S{\alpha}$ wave, relative $L{\beta}$ wave and relative $M{\beta}$ wave have been revitalized, asymmetry index, stress and HRV have been decreased. Thus, to increase stability, concentration and productivity, also to decrease stress, changes in sound source of a=1.106 was found to be the most effective.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.525-532
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• 2010

Dypepsia is the most common gastrointestinal disease and mainly occurs by stress or food. According to the cause of dyspepsia, the clinical characteristics and the curative process are different in patients. The purpose of this study is to compare acute dyspepsia patients depending on food factor and stress factor. For this study, we analyzed the cause, and the symptoms of 59 acute dyspepsia patients and divided them into two groups: one group is 27 acute dyspepsia patient group caused by stress factor (stress factor group). The other group is 32 acute dyspepsia patient group caused by food factor (food factor group). In addition, we carried out HRV test and compared HRV index between two groups. There was no significant difference in past illness involved in gastrointestinal tract diseases between two groups. There were big differences in the frequency of chest discomfort, thurst, lack of appetite, and exhaustion after meals between two groups. There were many changes of tongue fur in food factor group. But there were many changes of tongue body in stress factor group. The pulse pattern is mostly wiry in stress factor group. But, The pulse pattern is mostly slippery in food factor group. HF, TP were significantly lower than food factor group in stress factor group, it means autonomic nerve system was more suppressd in stress factor group than food factor group. Food factor group improved sooner than stress factor group. This study presented the clinically different characteristics (past medical history, symptoms, tongue diagnosis, pulse pattern, curative process) of acute dyspepsia depending on food factor and stress factor. Thus, it provides the necessity of oriental medical diagnosis and treatment called pattern identification for acute dyspepsia.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influences of Autonomic Nervous System and EEG by conducting Reinforcement-Reduction(補瀉) acupuncture stimulation to compare the changes in acupoints on the body before and after treatment of acupuncture at Xingjian(LR2) being referred as Fire-point(火穴) and Ququan(LR8) being referred as Water-point(水穴) of Yin Liver Meridian(足厥陰肝經). Methods : This study was carried out on 30 healthy female volunteers in their 20's. There were four tests conducted throughout and the period for each test was between 2 to 5days. HRV and EEG were measured for 5 minutes before acupuncture stimulation was conducted on LR2-Reinforcement, LR2-Reduction, LR8-Reinforcement and LR8-Reduction at random. During the 20 minutes of acupuncture treatment, same subjects were measured simultaneously to observe any significant changes in acupoints. Again, the same subjects were measured for 5 minutes after removing the acupuncture in order to perform a comparative analysis. Results : The measurement of HRV showed that LF, LFnorm and LF/HF ratio increased significantly(p<0.05) while HF, HF norm decreased significantly in case of LR2-Reinforcement & LR8-Reduction. Both LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement induced a significant increase in HFnorm. EEG measurement indicated low $\alpha$ wave decreased and high $\beta$ wave increased significantly at LR2-Reinforcement during post-acupuncture period compared with acupuncture stimulation period. Both LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement developed significantly low $\alpha$ wave and high $\alpha$ wave. High $\beta$ wave increased significantly at LR8-Reduction during the acupuncture stimulation in comparison with pre-acupuncture period. Conclusions : The manipulation of acupuncture stimulation at LR2-Reinforcement and LR8-Reduction enhanced the activity of sympathetic nerves and the state of arousal while that of para sympathetic nerves declined. On the other hand, LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement developed the levels of para sympathetic nerves and relaxation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

Stress is accompanied by changes in the responses of the autonomic nervous system, and the heart rate variability (HRV) index is a quantitative marker that reflects autonomic responses induced by stressors. In this study, we observed changes in the autonomic responses induced by combinations of 30% oxygen administration and color light for stress relaxation. In all, 42 participants produced stress symptoms over the preceding two weeks, as rated on the stress response scale. After stress assessment, they were exposed to three therapeutic conditions, and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded before, during, and after therapy. The three therapy conditions consisted of only 30% oxygen administration with white light, a combination of 30% oxygen and orange light, and a combination of 30% oxygen and blue light. The HRV indices extracted from ECG signals were heart rate (HR), the standard deviation of the RR interval (SDNN), the mean square root of consecutive RR interval difference values (RMSSD), the low frequency component of HRV (LF), the high frequency component (HF), and the LF/HF ratio. These indicators were used to compare mean values before and after therapy. The results showed that HR and the LF/HF ratio were significantly lower after therapy than before it. In particular, the condition with 30% oxygen and blue light yielded significantly greater RMSSD and HF increases, as well as decreases in LF/HF ratio than in other two conditions. Our results suggest that therapy with 30% oxygen and blue light is the most effective for the relaxation of stress, which implies autonomic balance by parasympathetic activation.