• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.190-203
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• 2015

VRI(Vulnerability-Resilience Index), which is defined as a function of 3 variables: climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, has been quantified for the case of Typhoon which is one of the extreme weathers that will become more serious as climate change proceeds. Because VRI is only indicating the relative importance of vulnerability between regions, the VRI quantification is prerequisite for the effective adaptation policy for climate in Korea. For this purpose, damage statistics such as amount of damage, occurrence frequency, and major damaged districts caused by Typhoon over the past 20 years, has been employed. According to the VRI definition, we first calculated VRI over every district in the case of both with and without weighting factors of climate exposure proxy variables. For the quantitative estimation of weighting factors, we calculated correlation coefficients (R) for each of the proxy variables against damage statistics of Typhoon, and then used R as weighting factors of proxy variables. The results without applying weighting factors indicates some biases between VRI and damage statistics in some regions, but most of biases has been improved by applying weighting factors. Finally, due to the relations between VRI and damage statistics, we are able to quantify VRI expressed as a unit of KRW, showing that VRI=1 is approximately corresponding to 500 hundred million KRW. This methodology of VRI quantification employed in this study, can be also practically applied to the number of future climate scenario studies over Korea.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

We have not identified on what gender difference during gait at a pace of one's preferred velocity effects on the function of bilateral lower limb. This study was undertaken to investigate a difference of gait strategy by gender during gait at a one's preferred velocity of participants of adult male and female (n=20). Cinematographic data for motion analysis, ground reaction force (GRF) variables, and muscle volume of lower limb were analyzed. Significant difference of variables on movement of center of mass whole body, joint angle and moment of lower limb, and ground reaction force were tested by 2-way ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). Male group showed more muscle volume than female, and both showed more volume in dominant leg than non-dominant. Main effect by bilateral leg during gait showed higher difference in right than left leg in change of vertical position of center of mass (maximal, minimal). Main effect by gender in vertical change of position and velocity of center of mass showed higher difference in male than female (maximal, minimal). Hip joint showed more flexed and extended angle in male than female, and also dorsiflexion of ankle and flexion moment of knee and hip joint showed higher in male than female group. Therefore, this result was assumed that dominant showed furthermore more contribution for propulsive function than non-dominant leg. Gender difference showed in strategy controlling of biomechanical characteristics, and perhaps influenced by muscle volume.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to investigate the management of Indigenous fermented foods during the period of economic development starting from 1960 until now, and to specify their correlation, while paying special concern to the variables of social change such as the increase of people's income, ceaseless migration of population, change in the family structure, heightening up of the educational level of women and the resulting increase of chances for getting employment, all of which may affect the management of Indigenous fermerted foods in korean families. The result is as follows. Basic seasonings and dishes such as soy bean sauce, red pepper paste, pickled seafoods, and Kimchi, are inclined to be bought as readymade products or provided by relatives in case of many nuclear families rather than made at home, which is a traditional way of home life. However, Kimchi and basic sauces or redpepper paste still show high rate of being made at home. Social variables which affect such tendency are the number of family members, the age and educational level of housewife, and the type of residence.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2010

Correlation is a technique used to measure the strength or the degree of closeness of the linear association between two quantitative variables. Common misuses of this technique are highlighted. Linear regression is a technique used to identify a relationship between two continuous variables in mathematical equations, which could be used for comparison or estimation purposes. Specifically, regression analysis can provide answers for questions such as how much does one variable change for a given change in the other, how accurately can the value of one variable be predicted from the knowledge of the other. Regression does not give any indication of how good the association is while correlation provides a measure of how well a least-squares regression line fits the given set of data. The better the correlation, the closer the data points are to the regression line. In this tutorial article, the process of obtaining a linear regression relationship for a given set of bivariate data was described. The least square method to obtain the line which minimizes the total error between the data points and the regression line was employed and illustrated. The coefficient of determination, the ratio of the explained variation of the values of the independent variable to total variation, was described. Finally, the process of calculating confidence and prediction interval was reviewed and demonstrated.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2022

The escape behavior of prey fish to predator attack is directly linked to the survival of the fish. In this study, I explored the escape behavior of Medaka fish to bird attacks. To simulate the attack, I designed a model triangular-shaped bird to slide along a fishing line connected between rods at both ends of the tank. The triangular shape was set to 10×15 (S=1), 15×20 (S=2), and 20×25 cm (S=3) with base×height. The slope (θ) of the fishing line, which determines the attack speed of the model bird, was set to values of 15° (θ=1), 30° (θ=2), and 45° (θ=3). The escape behavior was characterized using five variables: escape speed (ν), escape acceleration (α), responsiveness (γ), branch length similarity entropy (ε), and alignment (ϕ). The experimental results showed when (S, θ)=(fixed, varied), the change in values of the five variables were not significant. Thus, the fish respond more sensitively to S than to θ In contrast, when (S, θ)=(varied, fixed), ν, α, and γ showed increasing trends but ε and ϕ did not change much. This indicates the nature of fish escape behavior irrespective of the threat is inherent in ε and ϕ. I found that fish escape behavior can be divided into two types for the five physical quantities. In particular, the analysis showed that the type was mainly determined by the size of the model bird.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.421-426
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• 2018

To develop a piezoelectric inkjet printhead for high-resolution and high-speed printing, we studied the characteristics of an inkjet printhead by analyzing the major design parameters. An analytical model for the inkjet printhead was established, and numerical analysis of the coupled first-order differential equation for the defined state variables was performed using state equations. To design the dimension of the inkjet printhead with a driving frequency of 100 kHz, the characteristics of the flow rate and discharge pressure of the nozzle were analyzed with respect to design variables of the flow chamber, effective sound wave velocity, driving voltage, and voltage waveform. It was predicted that the change in the height of the flow chamber does not significantly affect the Helmholtz resonance frequency and discharge speed of the nozzle. From the analysis of change in flow chamber width, it is observed that as the width of the flow chamber increases, the ejection speed greatly increases and the Helmholtz resonance frequency decreases considerably, thereby substantially affecting the performance of the inkjet printhead.

• Iberoamérica
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.407-439
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• 2010

Growth of researches addressing cross-culture in international business is exponential. This article reviews the extant researches around the national culture and describes the various conceptualization of culture through discussion of some of popular models of national culture. This article presented some of the most important issues in international business surrounding globalization, especially convergence and divergence of cultures and cultural changes. Global rapid changes in international business environment request the reconsideration of the assumption of cultural stability and the simple view of culture, which tends to examine the static influence of a few cultural factors in isolation form other cultural factors and contextual elements. This paper identifies a valid cultural grouping and proposes the following typology of the possible methodologies in international business; Ethnological description, Use of proxies, Direct values inference, and Indirect values inference. Rather than selecting a single methodology, it appears to be more appropriate to use multi-method in the cross-cultural international business research. It has been shown that cultural change is intertwined with socioeconomic-institutional variables, and that these variables may also add to determine culture contemporarily. This paper also explained the dynamics of culture as multi-level, multi-layer constructs. According to this model, we may understand how the dynamic nature of culture conveys the top-down-bottom-up processes where one cultural level affects changes in other level of culture.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine if there are kinematic variables differences between national representative players (NRP) and non national representative players (NNRP) during 500 m inline skate starting motion. Four NRP and six NNRP were recruited for the study. Each subject executed starting motion five times on a $2{\times}12m$ start way in a gymnasium. Kinematic variables were analyzed by the three-dimensional motion analysis system (60Hz). It was hypothesized that there are difference in elapsed time and center of mass acceleration in starting phase between groups since starting phase has been considered important in sprinting. The results showed that the NRP had significantly shorter starting phase time than that of NNRP. 1) An elapsed time in phase P1 of NRP was shorter than that of NNRP, and excellent players have early started their first stroke. 2) Both NRP and NNRP have started at the same spot, and displacement of the center of gravity in starting posture of NRP group was at the front compared to NNRP group. 3) Average step lengths of NRP were longer than those of NNRP, and a step change of NRP was stabler compared to that of NNRP. 4) In a speed change of the center of gravity NRP showed comparatively high speed from P1 to P4.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.312-317
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• 2017

In this paper, the effects of environmental variables on the output of the floating photovoltaic water systems, which were installed at the Hapcheon dam in South Korea, were investigated, and the correlations between them were analyzed. The system output was linearly proportional to the solar radiation or irradiance. The output was large in spring and autumn because of high irradiance, but low in the summer when the solar module temperature was high. The influence of the module temperature on the system output was limited in the summer, during which the module temperature change affected the system output more than the change of the irradiance did. In addition, in winter and summer, the module temperature tended to decrease with increasing windspeed, but windspeed did not affect module temperature significantly in the spring and autumn. On the other hand, in winter and spring, the irradiance decreased as the windspeed increased because of movement (or circulation) of the photovoltaic modules.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.167-177
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to compare the main differences and its effects of the 4 first bicuspid extraction on the face and dental arch of the class II div 1 malocclusion. The subjects consisted of twenty two class II div 1 malocclusion, four males, eighteen females, were 14 Years 2 Months old at the stan of the treatment 16 Year 3 Months old at the end of the treatment. (mean age) Twenty one variables were observed by comparing the statistical data of the pretreatment records with postteratment records, which were consited of eight varibles on the study model digitation, thirteen variables on the tracing of the lateral cephalogram. The following results were obtained. 1. No significant change was observed in the intercanine width. 2. Intercuspal widths of the 1st. premolar and 2nd. premolar were decreased. 3. Change of the overjet was dependant upon upper anterior rather than lower anterior. 4. No significant changes were observed in facial plane angle and ANB angle. 5. Uprighting of the lower 1st. molar had an effect on the increase of the facial height.