• 대한간호학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.466-476
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore characteristics of eating behavior according to level of functional status of elders with dementia (EWD), and to examine feeding time, change in food intake and body mass index (BMI) according to eating behavior. Methods: Participants were 149 EWD residing in long-term care facilities located in Seoul or Gyeonggi province and evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Exam-Korean version, Korean version-Activities of Daily Living, and Eating Behavior Scale (EBS). Feeding time, change in food intake, and BMI were also measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0, specifically descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Chi-square test. Results: Participants' mean EBS score was $10.43{\pm}6.01$ and half of them (54.4%) needed moderate or total assistance while eating. The EBS score was significantly lower for elders with severe dementia compared to those with mild or moderate dementia; and elders with severe ADL dependence compared to those with mild or moderate ADL dependence. Lower EBS scores were related to longer feeding time, a greater the rate of participants with decreased food intake and 'underweight' BMI. Conclusion: Nursing intervention programs which are designed for EWD are needed to maintain functional eating skills and prevent negative consequences in this population.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the systematic error, such as seasonal change or inadequate food items, in a food frequency questionnaire administered to workers in a Nuclear Power Plant, Korea. Methods : We performed three repeat-tests with 28 subjects on May 13, July 8 and Dec 16, 1992. Our food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) comprised 84 foods organized into 7 food-groups, and was composed of the items of usual intake frequency (8 categories) and the amount per intake (3 or 4 categories) over the previous year. We compared the means of intake frequency and the frequency of the portion-size according to each season using Repeated Measures ANOVA and Pearson's chisquare test with Fisher's exact test. Results : We found the significant seasonal changes of several food items in intake frequency measurement. These items were typical seasonal foods such as mandarin orange, plum and green vegetables, while the single questions consisted of inadequate food items such as thick beef or similar soup and various kimchi products. Significant seasonal changes in portion-size were found in only two items: cooked rice-brown and fresh frozen fishes. Conclusions : The systematic errors observed could caused loss of validity in the FFQ. Consideration should be given for seasonal variation in FFQ survey and methodological concerns are needed to improve the quality for measuring usual diet pattern.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2002

The objective of this study is to establish outcome validity for three instruments that assess whether subjects met recommendations for daily servings of fruits and vegetables for“Stage of Change”research. A convenience sample of 294 college students was recruited from introductory nutrition classes at Michigan State University in the United States. To measure servings of fruits and vegetables, separately, three types of methods (self-rated intake, 24-hour recall and food frequency) were used in comparison to the servings from a three-day food record, the criterion used. The outcome validity was assessed based on whether or not at least two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables were reported. Validity was assessed by sensitivity, to measure the ability to detect low intakes, and by specificity, to measure ability to detect adequate intakes. Cohen's kappa was used as well to examine the agreement between the three methods and a three-day food record. The results showed, for fruits, the 24-hour recall had the best agreement (recall 0.54, self-rated : 0.31, food frequency : 0.29) with a three-day food record for servings consumed by people in pre-action or post-action stages. Sensitivity for fruit was also best using a recall (0.81). For vegetables, however, all three methods had low agreement (food frequency : 0.27, recall : 0.21, self-rated : 0.17) with the results of the three-day food record. Self-rated intakes for vegetables had the best sensitivity (0.66) and the food frequency had the best specificity (0.73). Therefore, researcher can use the 24-hour recall method to identify people who consume inadequate servings of fruit. To detect adequate vegetable intake, the food frequency was best of the three methods. Accuracy may be improved by probing for vegetables in mixed dishes and on sandwiches. (J Community Nutrition 4(3)： 143∼150, 2002)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrients intake and levels of three elements (iron, copper and zinc) in the plasma of breast cancer patients to those in healthy controls. Patients (n = 97) and their age-matched healthy control groups (n = 97) participated in the study. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire specifically formulated to evaluate the consumption of nutrients was used to estimate dietary intake. Only plasma was taken from the 20 patients and their age-matched healthy control group. Plasma concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, ratio of Cu/Zn were measured in both groups. Results showed that patients consumed significantly lower protein, fat, iron. Plasma level of copper and ratio of Cu/Zn were significantly higher in patients compared to those of controls. In conclusion, change of trace elements in plasma might be useful and significant as biomakers involving the initial process. And these results imply that trace elements status is a factor related to breast cancer risk and suggest that proper intake of those nutrients is required for cancer prevention.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.297-303
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Understanding individual's intention, action and maintenance to increase fruit and vegetable intake is an initial step in designing nutrition or health promotion programs. This study aimed to determine stages of change to increase fruit and vegetable intake and its relationships with fruit and vegetable intake, self-efficacy, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 public university staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire and two days 24-hour diet recall were used. RESULTS: Half of the respondents (50%) were in preparation stage, followed by 43% in action/maintenance, 7% in pre-contemplation/contemplation stages. Respondents in action/maintenance stages had significantly higher self-efficacy (F = 9.17, P < 0.001) and perceived benefits (F =5.07, P < 0.01) while respondents in pre-contemplation/contemplation and preparation stages had significantly higher perceived barriers (F = 4.83, P < 0.05). Perceived benefits tend to outweigh perceived barriers pre-ceding to taking action. Self-efficacy is important in motivating individuals to increase fruit and vegetable intake as self-efficacy and perceived barriers crossed over between preparation and action/maintenance. Respondents in action/maintenance stages had the highest adjusted mean serving of fruit and vegetable intake (F = 4.52, P < 0.05) but the intake did not meet recommendation. CONCLUSION: Intervention strategies should emphasize on increasing perceived benefits and building self-efficacy by providing knowledge and skills to consume a diet high in fruits and vegetables in order to promote healthy changes in having high fruit and vegetable intake.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the fluid intake and output (I&O) measurement methods in order to figure out more effective and easier method for medical patients Methods: 71 hospitalized patients participated in the study. In "liquid only (LO)" method, all amount of water was summed up including any liquid types of food and IV fluids. In "whole food(WF) intake," all liquid and solid food intake and IV fluids were added up. Results: The average amount of fluid intake was 2105.29 ml for LO method and 2523.54 ml for WF method. The average amount of fluid output was 2148.98 ml. The intra-class correlations (ICC) between the intake and output measures by the two different methods was 0.803 and 0.826, respectively. The correlation between the differences of intake/output and body weight change in two different methods was r=.347 (p=.003), and r=.376 (p=.001), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that both LO and WF method may be useful in monitoring patients' fluid balance. Given the comparability of using LO over WF, it is suggested that measuring just liquid only intake as the indicator of patient's intake is applicable in clinical setting.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.113-129
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• 2007

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effect of acupuncture using invasive low level laser therapy (LLLT) at Yolgyol (LU7) + Yogu (LR5) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, lipid metabolism, atherogenic index, HTR (HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio) and morphological change of hepatic tissue in hyperlipdemia rats. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into high fat diet group (Control group), high fat diet and acupuncture therapy group at LU7 + LR5 (AT group), high fat diet and acupuncture group using 10 mW LLLT at LU7 +LR5 (LA10 group), high fat diet and acupuncture group using 20 mW LLLT at LU7+LR5(LA20 group), high fat diet and acupuncture group using 60 mW LLLT at LU7 + LR5 (LA60 group), once per 3 days during 9 weeks. Results : Body weight was decreased significantly in AT and LA20 groups compared with Control group. Food intake was increased significantly in LA60 group compared with Control group. Food efficiency was decreased significantly in LA10, LA20 and LA60 groups compared with control group. In the lipid metabolism, total cholesterol was decreased significantly in AT, LA10, LA20 and LA60 groups, triglyceride was decreased significantly in LA10, LA20 and LA60 groups, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio was decreased significantly in LA 60 group compared with control group. In the morphological change, hepatic tissue were not showed balloning degeneration and irregular arrangement of hepatic cell in LA10 and LA20 groups with control group. Conclusions : Acupuncture using LLLT at LU7+LR5 can manage hyperlipemia by controlling body weight, food intake, food efficiency ratio and lipid metabolism.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2019

본 연구는 중학교 가정 교과서의 식품 섭취 내용을 분석하고 국민건강영양조사를 이용해 중학생의 식품 섭취 변화 추이를 파악하여 중학교의 식품 섭취 교육방향을 탐색하고자 실시하였다. 2015 교육과정 적용 중학교 기술·가정 교과서 중 보급률이 높은 3종을 대상으로 가정 부분에서 식품 섭취 관련 내용을 분석하였고 2007~2015년 국민건강영양조사의 만 13~15세 2,543명을 대상으로 식품 및 영양소 섭취 변화 추이와 이들 간의 관련성을 로지스틱 회귀분석 및 Pearson 상관계수로 파악하였다. 중학교 가정 1, 2 교과서의 식품 섭취 관련 내용은 영양소별 급원 식품, 식품군명, 다양한 식품군 섭취의 필요성, 식사 구성안 관련 식품군별 섭취 횟수와 식사계획 등으로 구성되어 있었으며 식품 섭취 변화 관련 내용은 반영되어 있지 않았다. 식품군별 섭취량은 곡류 및 그제품 섭취량이 2007~2010년까지 증가하다 2011년부터 감소하는 경향이었으며(p=0.0012), 당류 및 그제품, 음료 및 주류, 어패류 섭취량이 증가하는 추세이었다(p<0.0001). 영양소별 섭취량은 탄수화물, 지질, 비타민 A, 티아민, 철 등의 섭취량이 증가하는 추세이었다(p=0.0052). 탄수화물(p=0.0009)에 의한 에너지 섭취 비율은 감소하고 지질(p<0.0001)에 의한 에너지 섭취비율은 증가하는 추세이었다. 영양소 섭취량의 영양소 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 연도와 관계없이 식이섬유는 19~27%, 칼슘은 46~56% 수준으로 매우 낮은 반면에, 나트륨은 221~289% 수준으로 높았다. 당류 및 그제품, 두류 및 그제품, 종실류 및 그제품, 해조류, 음료 및 주류를 제외한 대부분의 식품군 섭취량과 에너지, 단백질, 식이섬유, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 칼슘, 철 섭취량 간에 유의적인 양의 관계가 있었다(p=0.0375). 이상에서 2007~2015년 동안 중학생의 당류 및 그제품, 음료 및 주류, 어패류 섭취량 등이 증가하고, 식이섬유, 칼슘 섭취가 부족하고, 지질에 의한 에너지 섭취 비율이 증가하는 추세로서 영양균형을 위협하고 있었다. 따라서 중학교 가정 교과서에 식품 섭취 관련 기본 내용과 함께 식품 섭취 변화 속에서 식생활 문제를 인식하고 균형 잡힌 식품 섭취를 유지해나감으로써 영양과 건강을 돕도록 하는 실생활 기반 내용을 포함시키고 지도하는 방향으로 나아갈 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1992

본 연구는 한국과 일본에서 매년 실시하고 있는 국민영양조사 결과를(일본은 1950년-1988년, 한국은 1969-1988년) 바탕으로 양국의 식생활 변화 양상을 비교하여 미래의 한국 식생활의 지침이 되고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 식품군별 섭취량에서 섭취총량은 일본은 1973년을 기점으로 감소하였으며 한국은 증가와 감소를 되풀이하며 전반적으로 증가 경향을 나타내었다. 한·일 모두 식물성 식품의 섭취는 감소하고 있고 동물성 식품의 섭취는 증가하고 있는데 1988년에는 동물성 식품 섭취 비율이 5% 정도 일본이 한국에 비해 많았다. 식물성 식품은 곡류의 경우 양국 모두 감소 경향을 보였고 1988년의 경우 한국이 일본에 비해 70g 정도 많이 섭취하였다. 한국은 감자류, 두류, 과실류는 1980년 이후 증가 경향이나 군별 섭취총량은 일본에 비해 낮은 수준이었다. 일본은 과일, 야채류의 섭취가 감소 경향이고 두류, 감자류는 변화가 거의 없으며 안정된 추세를 보였다. 동물성식품의 경우 일본은 우유 및 유제품, 육류는 증가 경향을 나타내었고 어패류, 난류는 1975년 이후 거의 평형 상태를 유지하였으며 한국은 육류, 어패류의 섭취 증가가 뚜렷하였다. 1970년 이후 양국의 신장, 체중의 연차추이를 보면, 1970년에서 1980년까지 한국인의 신장 증가가 현저하였으며(1970년 ; 150.3cm, 1980년 ; 160.2cm), 체중도 이와 유사한 경향을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.550-560
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• 2008

본 연구는 영양전공자들의 영양지식 수준, 식이 효능감과 식행동 간의 관련성을 파악하고 이들의 식행동 변화에 영양지식이나 식이효능감이 영향을 주는지 분석하고자 초 중 고등학교의 급식 영양사[(총 190명) 대전 84명(44.2%), 충남 106명(55.8%)]를 대상으로 영양지식 15문항, 식이 효능감의 4개 하부 영역으로 구성한 총 18 문항, 식행동조사로 권장 식품과 비권장 식품 총 12종의 6개월 전과 비교한 섭취량의 변화를 조사하였다. 학교급식 영양사들의 영양지식은 80.3%의 정답률을 보여 높은 편이었지만 특수 분야에 대한 정답률은 낮았다. 조사대상 영양사들은 74.7%의 자아효능감을 보여주었으며 각 영역별 효능감은 식사습관 영역 72.2%, 음식 선택 영역 85.4%, 주위 환경의 자극 영역 69.7%, 정서 상태 영역 74.6%로 음식 선택 영역의 효능감이 가장 높았고 주위 환경의 자극 영역의 효능감이 가장 낮았다. 권장 식품의 섭취량 변화에서 생선류와 채소류는 섭취량에 변화가 적은 식품류였고, 과일류와 콩류 및 된장 두부는 섭취량이 가장 많이 증가한 식품류였으며, 우유 및 유제품류는 섭취량에 증가와 감소가 비슷한 식품류였고, 미역 김 다시마 버섯류는 섭취량에 변화가 없거나 약간 감소한 식품류였다. 비권장 식품의 섭취량 변화 조사에서 대부분의 비권장 식품류들에 대해 응답자의 약 50%는 섭취량에 변화가 없었다고 응답하였지만 30% 이상은 섭취량에 감소가 나타났다고 응답하여 비권장 식품의 섭취량을 감소시키고자 노력하고 있었다. 조사 대상 급식 영양사들은 영양지식에 따라 식이효능감에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며 또한 식이효능감에 따라 영양지식에도 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않아 두 요인간에 서로 영향을 주지 않았다. 식이효능감에 따른 권장 비권장 식품의 섭취량 변화에서 식이효능감에 따라 권장식품의 섭취량에서는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았지만 비권장 식품의 섭취량에서는 유의적인 차이(p<0.001)를 보여 식이효능감이 높을수록 권장하지 않는 식품에 대한 섭취량이 감소하였다. 식이 효능감의 4개 하위 영역과의 상관관계 분석 결과식사습관 영역(p<0.001)과 정서상태 영역(p<0.001)이 권장 식품 섭취량과 상관관계를 나타냈으며 비권장 식품 섭취량은 4개 영역 모두(p<0.001)와 상관관계가 있었다. 즉 식사습관과 정서상태 영역의 효능감은 특히 권장 식품의 섭취량을 증가시킬 수 있는 요인이나 모든 4개 영역의 효능감은 비권장 식품의 섭취량을 감소시킬 수 있는 요인들이었다. 이로써 식이효능감이 전문영양사들의 식행동 변화에 영향을 미칠수 있는 요인으로 나타나 학교급식 영양사를 대상으로 하는 교육에 있어서도 식이효능감을 강화시킬 수 있는 방안의 강구에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.