• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2007

Objectives : This study investigated the relationship of occupational class and educational background with proportional mortality ratios in Korea. Methods : Mortality was investigated using the entire registered death data from 1993 to 2004, obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office. Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for specific diseases were calculated according to the occupational class and educational background of men aged 20-64. Results : Manual workers were found to have higher PMRs for liver disease and traffic accidents, as did the lower educated group. Especially, this study showed trends of an increasing of the wide gap between lower and higher socioeconomic stati for liver disease, traffic accidents, diabetes mellitus and cerebral vascular disease. The mortality for cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, traffic accident and liver disease showed increasing trends according to the calendar year for the lower than the higher social class. Conclusions : The specific conditions that had higher PMRs in the Korean lower social class were liver disease and traffic accidents. Especially, there was an increasing trend for a widening of the gap between manual and non-manual groups in relation to mortality from liver disease, diabetes mellitus and traffic accidents.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2005

Purpose: In Ulleung island, emergency medical transport by helicopter is very important. So, we analysized our experience with emergency medical transport by helicopter for 4 years and we were compared our data with other data for 1997-2001. Therefore we need to research public health development direction. Method: We analysized patient's medical record for 4 years. Result: During 4 years, 104 transports were done and 130 patients were trasported to tertiary hospital center, there was more increased than that from 1997 to 2001. Helicopters from Pohang coast guard, Donghae coast guard, Navy, and 119 rescue etc. were used, but 119 rescue transport was decreased more and more. The 60's patients was most, 22.3% and teenager's and 80's patients was lowest. The male was 65% but the female was increased more and more annually. In addition, the older patients was the more portion of female patient. The transport was concentrated in daytime. The traumatic patient was much in winter period. The cerebrovascular accident was 1st cause of patient and fracture was many also. Conclusioon: Except Fire service's helicopter, the other helicopter was not apt to emergency medical tansport. But Fire service's helicopter was not used commonly because Fire service's helicopter was in Daegu, so distant and time consumed. As a result, emergency medical transport helicopter is needed in east coast like Fire service's helicopter. In addition, trauma prevention education and public health education for hypertension and diabetes will be essential and public health system in Ulleung island will be prepared for aging society.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1993

In order to find the factors associated with the death of hypertensives, 12 year follow-up study for 267 hypertensives whose average blood pressure were 140/90 mmHg or above during their first health screening in 1979-1980 at YongJin Township, Wanju Country, North Cholla Province by the Community Health Team of Chonju Presbyterian Medical Center. The study results are as follows : 1. Initial general characteristics of hypertensives were studied. The age distribution of studied hypertensives showed 27.3% in 40-49 years, 25.8% in 50-59 years, 29.6% in 60-69 years and 17.2% In 70 + years old group. Marital status showed that 82.8% of hypertensives had their wife or husband. 74. 5% were employed on agriculture. 56.5% of hypertensives were illiterate. 2. Among the hypertensives, 91.6% of male and 22.8% of female reported that they were smokers. 82.6% of hypertensives had body mass index lower than 25 Kg/$m^2$. 46.8% of average systolic blood pressure were 160mmHg or above and 54.3% of average diastolic blood pressure were 95mmHg or above. 3. Twenty percent of hypertensives reported that they were treating hypertension at the beginning of follow up, while 68.5% reported that they were not treated. 28.1% reported that they were treating hypertension within 6 months before last follow-up. but 69.3% reported that they were not treated for hypertension within Ii months before last follow up. So 50.6% were classified as never treated group and 41.2% as treated group. 4. Average blood pressure for initial 3 years were calculated. The change of average systolic blood pressure was observed as $161.3{\pm}19.4mmHg$ at the first year, $145.6{\pm}28.0mmHg$ at the second year and $141.4{\pm}37.2mmHg$ at the third year. Average diastolic blood pressure were changed from $96.2{\pm}14.4mmHg$ at the first year to $90.6{\pm}18.6mmHg$ at the second year and $86.4{\pm}22.9mmHg$ at the third year. 5. By the follow-up of hypertensives, 54 hypertensives (46.2%) among 117 male hypertensives and 50 hypertensives (33.3%) among 150 female hypertensives died for 12 years. 42.6% of male death and 52.0% of female death were caused by cerebrovascular diseases. 6. Through univariate statistical test about the association between general characteristics or cardiovascular risk factors of hypertensives and mortality for 12 years, age variable among male and among female age, marital status, occupation. educational level. systolic blood pressure and treatment status were shown as significant variable to influence upon the mortality. 7. By multiple logistic regression analysis, among male age and systolic blood pressure were selected as significant variable to be associated with the total mortality for 12 years. Among female age, systolic blood pressure and treatment status were selected as statistically significant variable to be associated with the total mortality for 12 years.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.109-121
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to analysis the effect of oriental medical care for inpatients with facial paralysis that had visited Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. Methods : From January 2008 to September 2010, a clinical study was done on 250 inpatients who were treated as facial nerve paralysis at the Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. This study was assessed using the chart analysis. Results : 1. The distribution of sex : female 54.8%, male 45.2%. The distribution of age was pregented that fifty to sixty was the most in 67 cases(26.8%). 2. The distribution of the period of admission : female 12.5 days, male 9.9 days. 3. The distribution of past history : hypertention(18.8%), diabetes-mellitus(10.85%), facial paralysis(9.25%), cerebrovascular disease(4.4%), liver disease(5.6%), hyperlipidemia(1.2%), otitis media(1.2%), herpes zoster(1.2%), cardiac disease(2.45%), thyroid disease(1.2%). 4. The distribution of the region of facial paralysis : Rt(55.36%), Lt(56.52%). 5. Check the mastoid pain : 66.8%(female 73.91%, male 58.04%). 6. Out of prescription(Ko-Bang, 古方), Galgeun-Tang(葛根湯) and Gaejigeogaegayoungchul-Tang was used most in each 34 cases, Daesiho-Tang(大柴胡湯) 30 cases, Galgeungabanha-Tang(葛根加半夏湯) 27 cases, Sihogaeji-Tang(柴胡桂枝湯) 14 cases, Hwanggigaejiomul-Tang 12 cases, Odu-Tang(烏頭湯) 10 cases, Chijadaehwangsi-Tang 10 cases, Gaejigagalgeun-Tang(桂枝加葛根湯) 7 cases, Banhasasim-Tang(半夏瀉心湯) 5 cases, Injinho-Tang(茵蔯蒿湯) 5 cases in order. 7. The distribution of herb group : Mahwang-Jae(麻黃劑) 31.72%, Gaeji-Jae(桂枝劑) 26.00%, Siho-Gae(柴胡劑) 20.70%, Chija-Gae(梔子劑) 7.49%, Buja-Jae(附子劑) 4.41%, Banhahwanggeum-Gae(半夏黃芩劑) 3.08%, Daehwang-Gae(大黃劑) 2.64%, Bockryeong-Gae(茯笭劑) 1.76%, Jisil-Gae(枳實劑) 1.32%, Insam-Gae(人蔘劑) 0.88% in order. 8. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of admission : Gr Ⅳ 74.85%, Gr.III 13.6%, Gr.V 11.6% in order. 9. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of discharge : Gr.III 56%, Gr.IV 38.4%, Gr.II 5.6% in order. 10. The average number of OPD follow up is 6.46. Conclusion : This results indicated that oriental medical treatment with Ko-bang(古方) can be an effective way to treat facial paralysis. The more patients we treat with Ko-bang(古方), the more clinical report is accumulated. Then it would be helpful to map out a systematic treatment on facial paralysis.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-70
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• 2014

Background: Korea shows rapid population aging and increase in healthcare service use and expenditure. Also, this would be accelerated because of the baby boomers who will be 65 years old and more in 2020. Chronic disease is another reason that increases the use of healthcare service and expenditure of the middle- and old-aged households. Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is the index which can indicate the households' burden of health spending. Despite the importance, there are few studies on CHE of middle- and old-aged households and especially no panel study yet. This is the reason that this study is carried out. Methods: This study used 3-year data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study conducted from 2009 to 2011. We defined CHE if a household's health expenditure is equal or greater than the threshold value if income remaining after subsistence needs has been met. We used 4 different threshold values which are 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. In order to look at the households which experienced CHE, we conducted panel logit analysis after correspondence analysis and conditional transition probability analysis. Results: This study showed three notable results. First, there has been a difference among age groups, which implies that the older people are, the more easily they can experience CHE. Second, the households with no private insurance are shown to have a higher CHE occurrence rate. Lastly, there has been a significant difference among the kinds of chronic diseases. The households which have cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and heart disease have a higher CHE occurrence rate. However, the households with diabetes have no significant effects to CHE occurrence. Also, hypertension has a negative effect to the occurrence. Conclusion: With the results, it can be implied that elderly people with chronic disease are more needed in medical coverage and healthcare. Also, private insurance can play its role in protecting households from CHE. Therefore, it needs to conduct studies on CHE especially about different age groups, private insurance, and chronic disease.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with primary frozen shoulder in a Korean population. Methods: A total of 1,373 patients whose shoulders were diagnosed with primary frozen shoulder across 11 resident-training hospitals were reviewed retrospectively. Various demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics according to gender and presence of diabetes were evaluated. Results: The average age of patients was 55.4 years. Gender proportion was 58.3% females and 41.7% males. The frozen shoulder involved the non-dominant arm in 60.7% of patients and the bilateral arms in 17.6% of patients. The average duration of symptoms was 8.9 months, and 51.3% of patients had experienced nocturnal pain. Comorbidities associated with frozen shoulder in our sample of patients included diabetes (18.7%), cardiovascular diseases (17.7%), thyroid diseases (5.4%), and cerebrovascular diseases (3.6%). The diabetic group was correlated with the following demographic and clinical characteristics: old age, involvement of the dominant arm, nocturnal pain, long duration of symptoms, and no history of trauma. Further, we found that, in males, having a frozen shoulder was significantly correlated with a history of trauma; in females, having a frozen shoulder was significantly correlated with having thyroid diseases. Conclusions: These demographic data of primary frozen shoulder in the Korean population were consistent with those of previously reported epidemiologic studies. Primary frozen shoulder with diabetes was correlated with old age, bilateral involvement, long duration of symptoms, and nocturnal pain.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.629-640
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Jukryuk on 4-vessel occlusion(4-VO) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemia. Method : After administration of Jukryuk, we compared the Jukryuk-treated group, the control, and the sham groups, in view of several points as follows 1) We evaluated the damage characterized by coagulative cell change of pyramidal neurons and pronounced gliosis in each group 2) We counted the number of normal pyramidal shapes after ischemia in each group 3) Immunohistochemistry (cyclooxygenase-2) 4) In focal ischemic injury model, we measured the volume of ischemic area Results : In this experiment, the effect of Jukryuk was determined to be protecting neuron cell shape, reducing the number of neuron cells damaged by ischemia and the volume of the ischemic area. In immunohistochemistry, Jukryuk reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression Conclusions : According to this study, Jukryuk can protect neuron cells from injury by cerebrovascular ischemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.637-645
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to find the optimum test device for the cerebral blood vessels by comparing and analyzing the SNR and CNR methods for images of three devices (i.e., MRA, CTA, and DSA). The study targeted 90 patients who underwent cerebral angiography from November 2016 to May 2017. The measuring parts were measured by using Rt MCA, Lt MCA, and ACA Image J. The results of quantitative analysis showed that the mean SNR of MRA, the CNR of MRA, the signal strength of MRA, the mean SNR of CTA, the CNR of CTA, the signal strength of CTA, the SNR of DSA, the CNR of DSA, and the signal strength of DSA were evaluated as 254.87, 178.13, 326.81, 74.75, 62.2, 356.66, 26.85, 25.89, and 4400.69, respectively (p<0.05). As a result, both SNR and CNR methods measured it in the order of MRA>CTA>DSA. Statistical significance was determined by using ANOVA analysis at p<0.05 and Bonferroni method was used as a post-hoc analysis SPSS. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that the optimum imaging devices were MRA, CTA, and DSA after evaluating randomly selected patients with cerebrovascular disease.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.92-116
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was a predicative survey to provide home care clients with indwelling urinary catheters for furnishing basic educational material to their families by analyzing the family members' knowledge, educational needs and educational experience about indwelling catheter management. Method : The subjects consisted of 108 family members who cared for home care clients with indwelling catheters. Data were collected by home care nurses in nine hospitals in Pusan, who directly interviewed with them through questionnaires from Sep. 6th to 30th in 2004. The questionnaires for data collection were developed through pre-survey and reference review. The collected data was analyzed by using frequency, percentile, mean, variation, t-test, ANOVA on SPSS 10.1 package. Results : There were characters of home care clients with indwelling catheters: women(67.6%) were more than men; the average age of them was $69.60{\pm}14.99$ years old; neurogenic and cerebrovascular diseases(80.0%) were the most common disease group; 81.5% of them were totally dependent on others in terms of level of activity. Home care clients' families had these characters: women(76.9%) were more than men; the average age was $54.5{\pm}13.70$ years old; 46.3% of them were parents or sons or daughters in terms of relation with patient; tl1e average care period was $39.8{pm}34.20$ months. Level of knowledge about indwelling catheter management of the family members were 69.8% and its mean were $20.24{\pm}4.53$. Educational needs were 90.9% and its mean were $14.55{\pm}3.56$. Educational experience were 53.3% and its mean were $8.53{\pm}4.30$. 'Complications in using an indwelling catheter', 'Symptoms to call for a home care nurse' and 'Method to attach an indwelling catheter' were high ranked in both educational needs and educational experience. 'Anatomy of urinary tract', 'Functions of urinary tract' and 'Catheter placement' were low ranked in both educational needs and educational experience Level of knowledge about indwelling catheter management of the families showed a significant difference according to their age(F=5.35, p=0.01). Educational needs showed a significant difference according to care period(F=3.06, p=0.04). Conclusion: the family members' level of knowledge and educational experience about indwelling catheter management and their educational were not sufficient while their educational needs were high. In other words although the family members were acknowledged education needs, but the care for the patients with indwelling catheter weren't performed well because of their lack of related knowledge. Therefore systematic educational programs about indwelling catheter management for home care clients and their families should be made on the base of this study.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 1996

To demonstrate the clinical usefulness of electroencephalography (EEG) and factors increasing the usefulness of EEG, the authors evaluated each relationship between EEG related factors and clinical variables, and neuroimaging studies (CT and MRI)-related factors, and factors which are related with routine neurological examination for 207 patients who had been evaluated with both of EEG and neuroimaging study(CT or/and MRI). The results were as follows: 1) Abnormality of EEG findings had significant relationships with chief complaints, diagnosis, medication use, seizure attack, pathological reflex, and level of consciousness. However there were no significant correlations between abnormality of EEG findings and neuroimaging studies (CT and MRI)- related factors. 2) Laterality of EEG findings had significant relationships with abnormality, laterality, and focality of CT findings, and also with abnormality of MRI findings. But there were no significant correlations between laterality of EEG findings and clinical variables, and neurological examination-related factors. 3) Anterior-posterior distribution of EEG findings was significantly related with medication use. 4) Focality of EEG findings had significant relationships with sex, sensory dysfunction sign, and cerebellar dysfunction sign. But there were no significant correlations between focality of EEG findings and neuroimaging studies(CT and MRI) related factors. 5) Abnormal EEG pattern had significant correlations with various factors, such as age, chief complaints, duration from onset of symptom to taking MRI, seizure attack, abnormality and nature of lesion in CT findings, cortical atrophy in MRI findings, motor dysfunction sign, sensory dysfunction sign, and pathological reflex. 6) With abnormality on sleep activation, age, age of onset, seizure attack, ventricular enlargement in CT findings, and abnormality of MRI findings were significantly correlated. 7) With abnormality on hyperventilation activation, duration of illness and laterality of MRI findings were significantly correlated. Above results may suggest that abnormality of EEG findings is more closely related with functional change of the brain than structural changes of the brain and laterality of EEG findings is vice versa. And also that medication use has an influence on anterior versus posterior distribution of EEG findings and focality of EEG findings is not related with structural changes of the brain. Activation with sleep may be effective to show age differences and provocation of seizure activity and hyperventilation may be effective to detect the abnormal EEG findings by cerebrovascular insufficiency.