• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.90-99
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• 2023

Background: Quantitative risk assessments should be accompanied by uncertainty analyses of the risk models employed in the calculations. In this study, we aim to develop a computational code named SUMRAY for use in cancer risk projections from radiation exposure taking into account uncertainties. We also aim to make SUMRAY publicly available as a resource for further improvement of risk projection. Materials and Methods: SUMRAY has two versions of code written in R and Python. The risk models used in SUMRAY for all-solid-cancer mortality and incidence were those published in the Life Span Study of a cohort of the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The confidence intervals associated with the evaluated risks were derived by propagating the statistical uncertainties in the risk model parameter estimates by the Monte Carlo method. Results and Discussion: SUMRAY was used to calculate the lifetime or time-integrated attributable risks of cancer under an exposure scenario (baseline rates, dose[s], age[s] at exposure, age at the end of follow-up, sex) specified by the user. The results were compared with those calculated using another well-known web-based tool, Radiation Risk Assessment Tool (RadRAT; National Institutes of Health), and showed a reasonable agreement within the estimated confidential interval. Compared with RadRAT, SUMRAY can be used for a wide range of applications, as it allows the risk projection with arbitrarily specified risk models and/or population reference data. Conclusion: The reliabilities of SUMRAY with the present risk-model parameters and their variance-covariance matrices were verified by comparing them with those of the other codes. The SUMRAY code is distributed to the public as an open-source code under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology license.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.27-52
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• 2011

The regions of Central Asia have each acquired an elevated strategic importance in the new security paradigm of post-September 1lth. Comprised of five states, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Central Asia's newly enhanced strategic importance stems from several other factors, ranging from trans-national threats posed by Islamic extremism, drug production and trafficking, to the geopolitical threats inherent in the region's location as a crossroads between Russia, Southwest Asia and China. Although the U.S. military presence in the region began before September 11th, the region became an important platform for the projection of U.S. military power against the Taliban in neighboring Afghanistan. The analysis goes on to warn that 'with US troops already in place to varying extents in Central Asian states, it becomes particularly important to understand the faultlines, geography, and other challenges this part of the world presents'. The Kyrgyz military remains an embryonic force with a weak chain of command, the ground force built to Cold War standards, and an almost total lack of air capabilities. Training, discipline and desertion - at over 10 per cent, the highest among the Central Asian republics - continue to present major problems for the creation of combat-effective armed forces. Kyrgyzstan has a declared policy of national defence and independence without the use of non-conventional weapons. Kyrgyzstan participates in the regional security structures, such as the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) and the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) but, in security matters at least, it is dependent upon Russian support. The armed forces are poorly trained and ill-equipped to fulfil an effective counter-insurgency or counter-terrorist role. The task of rebuilding is much bigger, and so are the stakes - the integrity and sovereignty of the Kyrgyz state. Only democratization, the fight against corruption, reforms in the military and educational sectors and strategic initiatives promoting internal economic integration and national cohesion hold the key to Kyrgyzstan's lasting future

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.188-200
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• 1995

A design of unit magnification 2-mirror system with high resolution is presented. It is for soft X-ray(wavelength of 13 nm) projection imaging and suitable for preparation of high density semiconductor chip. In general, a holosymmetric system with unit magnification has the advantage that both coma and distortion are completely eliminated. In our holosymmetric 2-mirror system, spherical aberration is addtionally removed by using two identical paraboloidal mirror surfaces and field curvature aberration is also corrected by balancing Petzval sum and astigmatism which depends on the distance between two mirrors, so that the system is a aplanatic flat-field paraboloidal 2-mirror holosymmetric system. This 2-mirror system is small in size, and has a simple configuration with rotational symmetry about optical axis, and has also small central obscuration. Residual finite aberrations, spot diagrams, and diffraction-based MTF's are analyzed for the check of performances as soft X-ray lithography projection system. As a result, the image sizes for the resolutions of$0.25\mum$and $0.18\mum$are 4.0 mm, 2.5 mm respectively, and depths of focus for those are $2.5\mum$, $2.4\mum$respectively. This system should be useful in the fabrication of 256 Mega DRAM or 1 Giga DRAM. DRAM.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.847-856
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• 2007

The Planetary nebula NGC 6881 displays quadrupole morphology and it also has a jet feature in its image. We investigated the line profiles of the optical region spectral emission lines, using the Hamilton Echelle Spectrograph (HES) at the Lick observatory. The HES data obtained in this study was the radiation coming from the inner region within the diameter of 4 second of arc. Expansion velocity was obtained, based on the strong emission line profiles of e.g. H, Hel, Hell, [OIII], [NII], [ArIII], [SII], and [SIII}, using the IRAF and StarLink/Dipso reduction packages. The HI recombination lines showed one single peak profile, while the He and forbidden strong lines displayed double peaks. The results of this study show that the outflow velocity of gas increases radially outwards due to the central stellar radiation pressure. It was concluded that three central rings appeared in the HST image are the result of a combined structure of bipolar cones (seen in e.g. HI lines) and a ring (seen in He, [SIII] lines) in projection.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.756-763
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• 2002

We have previously demonstrated that repeated injections of nicotine produced an increase in locomotor activity, dopamine(DA), release and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens, one of the major projection areas of the central DA system. Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. And many studies have shown that Coptidis Rhizoma has a suppressive effect on the central nervous system (CNS) and can affect the neurotransmitter systems in the CNS. In order to investigate whether acupuncture and Coptidis Rhizoma have an influence on nicotine-induced reinforcing and behavioral effects, we examined the effect of zusanli(ST36) and Coptidis Rhizoma on repeated nicotine-induced locomotor activity, and zusanli(ST36) on c-Fos expression as an important maker of postsynaptic neuronal activity in nucleus accumbens. Male SD rats received Coptidis Rhizoma (100mg/kg, p.o.) 30 min before injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) for 7 days. Rats were followed withdrawal for 3 days and one challenge for 1 day. Systemic challenge with nicotine produced a much larger increase in locomotor activity. Pretreatment with acupuncture at zusanli(ST36, 100Hz) and Coptidis Rhizoma decreased in nicotine-induced locomotor activity. These results demonstrated that reduction in locomotor activity by acupuncture at zusanli(ST36, 100Hz) and Coptidis Rhizoma may be mediated by reduction of dopamine release. Our results suggest that acupuncture at zusanli(ST36, 100Hz) and Coptidis Rhizoma may have therapeutic effect on nicotine addiction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2022

Objective: Planning of incisal position is crucial for optimal orthodontic treatment outcomes due to its consequences on facial esthetics and occlusion. A systematic summary of the proposed parameters is presented. Methods: Studies on Google Scholar^©, PubMed^©, and Cochrane Library, providing quantitative information on optimal central incisor position were included. Results: Upper incisors supero-inferior position (4-5 mm to upper lip, 67-73 mm to axial plane through pupils), antero-posterior position (3-4 mm to Nasion-A, 3-6 mm to A-Pogonion, 9-12 mm to true vertical line, 5 mm to A-projection, 9-10 mm to coronal plane through pupils), bucco-lingual angulation (4-7° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models, 20-22° to Nasion-A, 57-58° to upper occlusal plane, 16-20° to coronal plane through pupils, 108-110° to anterior-posterior nasal spine), mesio-distal angulation (5° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models). Lower incisors supero-inferior position (41-48 mm to soft-tissue mandibular plane), antero-posterior position (3-4 mm to Nasion-B, 1-3 mm to A-Pogonion, 12-15 mm to true vertical line, 6-8 mm to coronal plane through pupils), bucco-lingual angulation (1-4° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models, 87-94° to mandibular plane, 68° to Frankfurt plane, 22-25° to Nasion-B, 105° to occlusal plane, 64° to lower occlusal plane, 21° to A-Pogonion), mesio-distal angulation (2° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models). Conclusions: Although these findings can provide clinical guideline, they derive from heterogeneous studies in terms of subject characteristics and reference methods. Therefore, the optimal incisal position remains debatable.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2022

Both angiography and interventional procedures accompanied by angiography provide many diagnostic and therapeutic benefits to patients and are rapidly increasing. However, unlike general radiography or computed tomography using the same X-ray, the amount of radiation is quite high, but the dose range can vary considerably for each patient and operator. The high sensitivity of the lens to radiation during cerebral angiography and neurointervention is already well known, and although there are many related studies, it is insufficient to easily reduce radiation in diagnosis and treatment. In this situation, in particular, by adding three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) to the existing two-dimensional (2D) angiography, it is now possible to make an accurate diagnosis. However, since this 3D-RA acquires images through projection of more radiation than before, the exposure dose of the lens may be higher. Therefore, we tried to analyze whether the radiation dose of the lens can be reduced by moving the lens out of the field range by adjusting the table height and magnification ratio during the examination using 3D-RA. The surface dose was measured using a rando phantom and a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (PLD) and the radiation dose was compared by adjusting the table height and magnification ratio based on the central point. As a result, it was found that the radiation dose of the lens decreased as the table height increased from the central point, that is, as the lens was out of the field of view. In conclusion, in 3D-RA, moving the table position of about 2 cm in height will make a significant contribution to the dose reduction of the lens, and it was confirmed that adjusting the magnification ratio can also reduce the surface dose of the lens.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2003

Corticostriatal connections of auditory areas within the rostral and caudal portions of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in the supratemporal plane(STP) of pigtail macaque (Macacca nemestrina) were studied with particular emphasis on specific projections to the ventral striatum. Retrograde tracers were Injected into five different regions of the ventral striatum such as the ventromedial caudate nucleus, ventral shell, central shell, dorsal core of the nucleus accumbens (NA), and ventrolateral putamen to Identify the cells of origin. There were only few projections from the auditory areas in the STP to the ventral striatum. However, the association (or belt) areas of the STG collectively had widespread corticostriatal projections characterized by differential topographic distributions. The rostral parts of the STG strongly projected to the ventromedial caudate nucleus. The midportion of the STG also projected to the same ventral striatal regions, but the connections were relatively less extensive. Interestingly, the caudal portion of the STG had no connection to all subregions of the ventral striatum. These differential patterns of corticostriatal connectivity suggest that the ventromedial caudate nucleus would be a major auditory convergence area and mainly involved in sound recognition rather than spatial localization of sound sources.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.37.1-37.1
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• 2013

We present our study of analyzing the photometric properties of the globular cluster (GC) system which resides in the extended halo of the central bright Coma cluster galaxy NGC 4874. The core of the Coma cluster of galaxies (Abell 1656) was observed with both the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) in the F475W (g475) and F814W (I814) and Wide Field Camera 3 IR Channel (WFC3/IR) in the F160W (H160) filters. The data analysis procedure and GC candidate selection criteria are briefly described. We investigate the interesting "tilt" features in color-magnitude diagrams for this GC system and their link to the nonlinear color-metallicity relation for GCs. The NGC 4874's GC system exhibits a bimodal distribution in the optical g475-I814 color and much more than half the GCs fall in the red side at g475-I814 ~ 1.1. This bimodality is weakened in the optical-IR I814-H160 color; the quantitative analysis on the features of both color distributions using the Gaussian Mixture Modeling code proves the bimodalities are different. Both colors, thus, cannot linearly reflect the bimodality of an underlying metallicity, supporting the suggestion that observed bimodalities in extragalactic GC colors are the metallicity-to-color projection effect.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2006

Angiography means that a check up to know an abnormal condition in all the blood vessels include from the heart, aortae, cerobrovascular and abdonominal artery to hands and feet. Main examples of this are cerebral angiography, abdominal, liver for urinary anomaly, renovascular angiography, and artery and vein in arms and legs. Angiography uses radial rays or angiography equipment for an image output during interventional procedure and compositive diagnosis. The acts which performed in a projection room have changed drastically. In general, it is performed by using equipment which is attached one or two C-arms and the method of inserting catheter in vein after anesthesia. For this reason, some rooms that consist of angiography room units should be planned not only for expensiveness equipment and facilities also to be germ-free. Nowadays, in the angiography unit case, it is placed independently as the central part of many hospitals. It does not belong to the imaging medical department any more as considering raising filming times and the relation between C.C.U.(coronary care unit) and operation unit. This means the acts performed are diversified and well-organized rooms in support of diagnosis are required. However, it is difficult to plan the angiography room unit due to domestic researches and data on this unit are not enough. Therefore, this study aims at bringing up basic issue for architectural planning of the angiography unit in general hospital.