• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.242-246
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• 1995

This paper was carried out to investigate changes in cell wall, cell wall polysaccharides, pectic substances extracted from cell wall of persimmon fruits treated with polygalacturonase and $\beta$-galactosidase in vitro. Degrading degree of cell wall treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes were higher in order polygalacturonase, polygalacturonase+$\beta$-galactosidase and $\beta$-galactosidase. Contents of soluble pectic substances in cell wall treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes showed as the same order as degrading degree of cell wall, while contents of insoluble pectin lower. Contents of versene-soluble pectin and total pectic substance were not affected by cell wall-degrading enzymes. Contents of uronic acid and hexose in soluble material isolated from cell wall treated with polygalacturonase and mixed enzyme were higher than those of untreatment and $\beta$-galactosidase treatment.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 1996

The cell wall components of fruit include cellulose. hemicellulose, pectin, glycoprotein etc., and the cell wall composition differs according to the kind of fruit. Fruit softening occurs as a result of a change in the cell wall polysaccharides : the middle lamella which links primary cell walls is composed of pectin. and primary cell walls are decomposed by a solution of middle lamella caused due to a result of pectin degradation by pectin degrading enzymes during ripening and softening, During fruit ripening and softening, contents of arabinose and galactose among non-cellulosic neutral sugars are notably decreased, and this occurs as a result of the degradation of pectin during fruit repening and softening since they are side-chained with pectin in the form of arabinogalactan and galactan Enzymes involved in the degradation of the cell wall include polygalacturonase, cellulose, pectinmethylesterase, glycosidase, etc., and various studies have been done on the change in enzyme activities during the ripening and softning of fruit. Among cell wall-degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase has the greatest effect on fruit softening, and its activity Increases during the maturating and softening of fruit. This softening leads to the textural change of fruit as a result of the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by a cell wall degrading enzyme which exists in fruit.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.846-853
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 청수 포도의 양조 특성에 미치는 세포벽분해효소와 침용 처리의 효과를 조사하였다. 착즙의 용이성은 세포벽분해효소 처리와 침용처리에서 우수하였으며, 착즙액의 방향은 5일간 침용처리 후 압착한 것이 가장 우수하였다. 또한 착즙수율도 대조구에 비하여 세포벽분해효소와 침용처리에서 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. pH와 총산, 가용성고형물은 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었으며, pH는 3.1-3.4, 총산은 0.5~0.6%, 가용성고형물은 $6.7{\sim}7.1^{\circ}Brix$의 범위를 나타내었다. 알코올 함량은 세포벽분해효소 처리구가 13.3%으로 가장 높았으며, 침용처리구는 상대적으로 알코올 함량이 낮은 특징을 보였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 침용처리 기간이 길어질수록 증가하는 경향이었으며, 10일간 침용처리시 306.4 mg/L로서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 청수와인의 주요 유기산은 사과산과 주석산이었으며, 구연산, 호박산 및 젖산도 검출되었다. 본 연구에서 세포벽분해효소와 침용처리는 청수와인 제조에 있어서 착즙의 용이성을 더 좋게 하며, 착즙수율이나 휘발성성분을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.185-193
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• 1995

This paper was investigated the changes of the cell wall components, enzyme activities during ripening of jujuba fruits for elucidating the softening metabolism of jujuba fruits. Firmness were decreased during ripening. Moisture content did not show any notable cahanges until ripening stage but they decreased a little In overripe jujuba fruits. Polygalacturonase activities were not detected at nature green stage and $\beta$-galactosidase activities were until turning stage. But polygalacturonase activities in ripening and overripening were 51.31 and 100.72 units/100g-fr, wt. respectively. $\beta$-galactosidase activities were 16.05 and 182.55units/100g-fr. wt. in the same stages. The content of water-soluble protein was increased in overripening. Stage the contents of cell wall and alcohol-insoluble material were. decraesed during maturation, but water-soluble material was increased. The pectin and alkali-soluble hemicellulose were increased until ripening stage, but decreased in overripe jujube fruits. The total pectin and insoluble pectin during ripening, but decreased in overripe jujuba fruits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2004

A digestion trial in vitro was conducted to study effects of supplementation of NSP (non-starch polysaccharides) degrading enzyme (feed grade) on cell wall degradation and digestibility of nutrients in barley. The slices of barley were soaked in distilled water with or without 0.15% non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzyme. Microscopic examination of the slices showed that the endosperm cell wall of barley was completely degraded by the non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzyme. The residues and supernatant of digesta in vitro were separated by filtration with 0.1 mm nylon fabric. The residues were used for measurement of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and moisture. The supernatant was used for determination of viscosity, as well as amino-nitrogen and glucose content. The results showed that compared with the control, the amino-nitrogen and glucose content of the supernatant increased by 17.58% (p<0.05) and 10.26% (p<0.05), respectively, while viscosity did not change. Enzyme supplementation increased the digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude fat and crude fiber of barley by 18.1% (p<0.05), 20.3% (p<0.05), 16.4% (p<0.05), 26.9% (p<0.05) and 30.0% (p<0.05), respectively. The present study suggests that cell wall hydrolysis may contribute to improved nutrient digestion in vivo when non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes are fed to swine.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.173-183
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• 1995

This paper was carried out to investigate changes in chromatograms of polysacctatides and soluble pectins on Sephadex G-50 and non-cellulosic neutral sugars of polysaccharides isolated from cell wall of persimmon fruits treated with polygalacturonase and $\beta$-galactosidase in vitro. The chromatogram pattern of soluble pectins extracted from cell wall treated with $\beta$-galactosidase on Sephacryl S-500 column were similar to those of untreatment, but contents of soluble pectins treated with $\beta$-galactosidase were different from those of untreatment. The patterns of chromatograms In soluble pectins extracted from cell wall treated with polygalacturonase were more complex and lower molecular polymer than those of other cell wall-degrading enzyme treatments. Non-cellulosic neutral sugar of polysaccharides in fraction I of soluble material treated with polygalacturonase was rhamnose, those in fraction II were similar to those in fraction III and contents of arabinose, xylose and glucose were higher than contents of other non-cellulosic neutral sugars. Non-cellulosic neutral sugars of polysaccharides in fraction I in soluble material by $\beta$-galactosidase treatment were rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and mannose. Content of glucose of polysaccharides in fraction II was higher than that in fraction I . Non-cellulosic neutral sugars treated with mixed enzyme were rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose. Compositions of non-cellulosic neutral sugars of polysaccharides in fraction I were similar to those in fraction II and III.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.370-374
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• 1995

Aspergillus niger CF-34가 생산하는 대두세포벽분해 효소 복합액을 알칼리로 처리하여 조효소액 중에 함유된 protease만을 선택적으로 제거할 수 있었다. 조효소액을 알칼리로 처리하였을 때 세포벽분해활성에는 영향을 적게 주고, 대두 단백질을 분해시켜 쓴 맛의 peptide를 생성하는 protease만을 선택적으로 불활성화시킬 수 있었다. 조효소액의 pH를 $9.0{\pm}0.1$로 조절하여 $20^{\circ}C$에서 약 30분 동안 서서히 교반한 후 다시 pH를 5.0로 조절하는 것이 최적 조건이었다. 이때 조효소액 중 protease 활성은 초기의 약 10% 미만으로 감소하였으며, 각 효소의 잔존 활성을 살펴보면 pectinase는 약 80%, polygalacturonase는 약 85%, xylanase는 약 95%, carboxymethyl cellulase는 약 100% 정도이었고, 대두세포벽분해활성은 초기의 약 90% 정도 유지할 수 있어 protease만이 선택적으로 제거되었다. 이렇게 처리된 효소액을 사용하여 비지 중의 대두 단백질을 추출할 경우 생산효율은 비록 감소하였지만, 대두단백질의 분해를 막고, 쓴맛 생성을 억제하여 품질 및 관능적으로 우수한 제품을 생산할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.573-581
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• 2009

The complex enzyme pool secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum in response to glucose or hop cell wall material as sole carbon sources was analyzed. The biochemical characterization of the enzymes present in the supernatant of fungal cultures in the glucose medium revealed only 5 different glycosyl hydrolase activities; by contrast, when analyzing cultures in the cell wall medium, 17 different activities were detected. This dramatic increase reflects the adaptation of the fungus by the synthesis of enzymes targeting all layers of the cell wall. When the enzymes secreted in the presence of plant cell wall were used to hydrolyze pretreated crude plant material, high levels of monosaccharides were measured with yields approaching 50% of total sugars released by an acid hydrolysis process. This report is the first biochemical characterization of numerous cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases secreted by F. graminearum and demonstrates the usefulness of the described protein cocktail for efficient enzymatic degradation of plant cell wall.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.247-253
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• 1995

추출한 감과실의 세포벽에 polygalacturonase, ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 및 이들의 혼합한 효소액을 in vitro에서 처리하여 세포벽 구성 비섬유성 중성당의 변화를 연구, 검토하였다. 세포벽 구성 비섬유성 중성당의 변화는 효소 처리구에서 무처리 보다 많았으며, polygalacturonase 처리구에서는 rhamnose, xylose, galactose 등이 감소하였고, 혼합효소 처리구에서는 arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose 등이 감소하였으며, ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 처리구에서 arabinose, galactose 등이 감소되었다. Pectin의 비섬유성 중성당은 모든 효소처리구에서 rhamnose, galactose, arabinose가 현저히 감소하였으며, 특히 polygalacturonase 처리시에 보다 현저하게 감소하였다. Hemicellulose I의 경우 polygalacturonase 처리구는 rhamnose, arbinose, xylose의 함량이 무처리구에 비해 높았으며, ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 처리구에서는 rhamnose와 xylose의 함량은 높았고, arbinose, mannose, galactose는 감소하였다. 혼합효소 처리구에서는 xylose, mannose, galactose가 높은 반면 arbinose와 galactose는 낮았다. 한편 hemicellulose II에서 비섬유성 중성당의 변화는 polygalacturonase 처리구에서 xylose와 glucose가 감소하였으나 다른 처리구에서는 뚜렷한 변화가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 polygalacturonase는 pectin을 분해함으로써 arbinose, galactose, rhamnose를 유리하고, ${\beta}-galactosidase$는 galactan과 arabinogalactan을 분해하여 galactose와 arabinose를 유리시키는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1659-1676
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• 2002

Ruminant animals develop a diverse and sophisticated microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs. Plant cell walls are complex and their structures are not fully understood, but it is generally believed that the chemical properties of some plant cell wall compounds and the cross-linked three-dimensional matrix of polysaccharides, lignin and phenolic compounds limit digestion of cell wall polysaccharides by ruminal microbes. Three adaptive strategies have been identified in the ruminal ecosystem for degrading plant cell walls: production of the full slate of enzymes required to cleave the numerous bonds within cell walls; attachment and colonization of feed particles; and synergetic interactions among ruminal species. Nonetheless, digestion of fibrous feeds remains incomplete, and numerous research attempts have been made to increase this extent of digestion. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) have been used successfully in monogastric animal production for some time. The possibility of adapting EFE as feed additives for ruminants is under intensive study. To date, animal responses to EFE supplements have varied greatly due to differences in enzyme source, application method, and types of diets and livestock. Currently available information suggests delivery of EFE by applying them to feed offers the best chance to increase ruminal digestion. The general tendency of EFE to increase rate, but not extent, of fibre digestion indicates that the products currently on the market for ruminants may not be introducing novel enzyme activities into the rumen. Recent research suggests that cleavage of esterified linkages (e.g., acetylesterase, ferulic acid esterase) within the plant cell wall matrix may be the key to increasing the extent of cell wall digestion in the rumen. Thus, a crucial ingredient in an effective enzyme additive for ruminants may be an as yet undetermined esterase that may not be included, quantified or listed in the majority of available enzyme preparations. Identifying these pivotal enzyme(s) and using biotechnology to enhance their production is necessary for long term improvements in feed digestion using EFE. Pretreating fibrous feeds with alkali in addition to EFE also shows promise for improving the efficacy of enzyme supplements.