• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2005

Chemokines are important for the recruitment of leukocytes, which is essential in host defense to the sites of infection. The thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) is a CC chemokine which potentially plays a role via a paracrine mechanism in the development of allergic respiratory diseases. Objectives : The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Ephedrae Herba Herbal Acupuncture Solution(EHS) on the secretion of TARC of human bronchial epithelial cell. Methods : Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the secretion of TARC. The cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. Results : EHS significantly inhibited the secretion of TARC with a dose-dependant manner. The effective dosage did not have the cytotoxicity on human bronchial epithelial cell. Conclusion : Results of our study imply that EHS would play an important role in modulation of TARC in human bronchial epithelial cells by MTT assay.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.584-591
• /
• 2023

Active plant immune response involving programmed cell death called the hypersensitive response (HR) is elicited by microbial effectors delivered through the type III secretion system (T3SS). The marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis contains two T3SSs that are similar to those of animal pathogens, but it was able to elicit HR-like cell death in the land plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The cell death was comparable with the transcriptional patterns of H. chejuensis T3SS-1 genes, was mediated by SGT1, a general regulator of plant resistance, and was suppressed by AvrPto1, a type III-secreted effector of a plant pathogen that inhibits HR. Thus, type III-secreted effectors of a marine bacterium are capable of inducing the nonhost HR in a land plant it has never encountered before. This suggests that plants may have evolved to cope with a potential threat posed by alien pathogen effectors. Our work documents an exceptional case of nonhost HR and provides an expanded perspective for studying plant nonhost resistance.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.119-137
• /
• 1989

It has been shown in this and earlier investigation that the turtle bladder mucosa has three main cell types on their mucosal surface. They are the granular cells, ${\alpha}$ CA cells, and ${\beta}$ CA cells. The three major transport mechanisms that occurs in the turtle bladder are sodium reabsorption, proton secretion, and bicarbonate secretion. In the present work the trans-port mechanisms by bladder epithelial cells of freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta, are summarized as follows. 1. The granular cells play an important role in sodium transport, while the ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ CA cells do not appear to play a determining role in sodium transport. 2. It appears that the active sodium transport in the granular cells occurs in two-step process, implying that first, sodium diffuses into the cells, followed by an energy-dependent efflux step, which is catalyzed by the ouabain-sensitive Na-K ATPase. 3. The ${\alpha}$ type of CA cells are responsible for the proton secretion using the proton pump on the apical plasma membrane, while the ${\beta}$ type of CA cells are believed to be responsible for bicarbonate secretion. 4. When looked at under freeze-fracture electron microscopy, the apical plasma membrane of ${\alpha}$ cells have a characteristic population of rod-shaped intramembranous particles which are believed to be components of the proton pumps. Conversely, ${\beta}$ type of CA cells show rod-shaped particles in their basolateral plasma membranes, which is consistent with the proton absorptive, bicarbonate secretory mechanism. 5. In the turtle bladder, the ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ type of cells are believed to be both responsible for proton transport, but in opposite directions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.1347-1355
• /
• 2004

In this study, the immunological effect of a traditional Korea herbal acupuncture, that has been widely used for the treatment of various immunological disorders including inflammation in Korea, was examined in vitro and in vivo. In our previous study demonstrated that BV increased the expression of IFN-γ mRNA, that plays pivotal role in T cell response. This study was designated to evaluate the effect of BV on helper T cell development by monitoring Th1/Th2 specific cytokine secretion patterns in artificially induced Th1/Th2 polarized condition and in vivo. The results demonstrated that BV didn't have mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cell, but increased the CD4+ T cell proliferation upon activation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibody. The Th1 cells were over-populated dramatically in Th1 driven condition with BV treatment, while the Th2 cells were increased slightly in Th2 skewed condition. Furthermore, under Th1-skewed conditions, the level of IFN-γ was considerably increased with BV treatment. Besides, the expression of T-bet, a transcription factor that plays pivotal role in Th1 lineage programming, was increased with BV treatment. The expressions of IFN-γ and T-bet were also significantly increased in vivo. The results that Th1 specific cytokine secretion were considerably increased and Th2 specific cytokine secretion were not significantly changed in vitro and in vivo indicated that BV enhances Th1 lineage development, Therefore, these results suggest that BV might be desirable agent for correction of Th1 dominant pathological disorders.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.910-923
• /
• 1994

The effects of individual fatty acids, differing in their degree of unsaturation(18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3) on the biosynthesis and secretion and lipids were investigated in Hep-G2 cells. Synthesis of apolipoprotein was measured by the incorporation of 3H-leucine into apolipoprotein(d<1.21g/ml) and synthesis of lipids was measured by the incorporation of 3H-glycerol and 14C-acetate into various lipid classes. Inclusion of 1.0mM of each fatty acids into the culture medium significantly increased the synthesis of total apolipoprotein and Apo B(p<0.05). However, addition of fatty acid did not affect the synthesis of cellular and medium protein. Among different fatty acids tested, oleic acid had the greatest effect on Apo B synthesis. While stearic, linoleic and linolenic acid, all had similar effects. The secretion of triglyceride into the medium markedly increased in all fatty acid groups being 5-6 times over the albumin control. The triglyceride secretion was the highest int he oleic acid group. The secretion of phospholipid and cholesterol also increased with triglyceride output. A positive relationship existed between the output of lipoprotein-triglyceride and Apo B. Since the synthesis of Apo B was significantly increased when various fatty acids were included into the culture medium, part of the apparently stimulated synthesis of the apolipoprotein may be in response to the increased formation and secretion of lipoprotein lipids.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.107-116
• /
• 2010

Objectives : This study purposed to research the anti-cancer effects of Andrographitis Herba. Methods : By measuring the cell proliferation, apoptosis, morphology and cytokine level from the extracts, the influence on a A549 cell was compared. Results : The Andrographitis Herba decoction extract according to the concentration inhibited the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of the A549 cell. Among the various fraction extracts of the Andrographitis Herba decoction, EtOEt showed the greatest increase of the apoptosis of the A549 cell. The Andrographitis Herba decoction extract according to the concentration decreased the secretion of the TGF-$\beta$ in the A549 cell, and increased the secretion of the TNF-$\alpha$ and the IFN-$\gamma$ presenting cell population. Conclusion : It is considered that the total extract and various fraction extracts of Andrographitis Herba decoction inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2019

Breakthroughs in stem cell technology have contributed to disease modeling and drug screening via organoid technology. Organoid are defined as three-dimensional cellular aggregations derived from adult tissues or stem cells. They recapitulate the intricate pattern and functionality of the original tissue. Insulin is secreted mainly by the pancreatic ${\beta}$ cells. Large-scale production of insulin-secreting ${\beta}$ cells is crucial for diabetes therapy. Here, we provide a brief overview of organoids and focus on recent advances in protocols for the generation of pancreatic islet organoids from pancreatic tissue or pluripotent stem cells for insulin secretion. The feasibility and limitations of organoid cultures derived from stem cells for insulin production will be described. As the pancreas and gut share the same embryological origin and produce insulin, we will also discuss the possible application of gut organoids for diabetes therapy. Better understanding of the challenges associated with the current protocols for organoid culture facilitates development of scalable organoid cultures for applications in biomedicine.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.477-484
• /
• 1994

Using a methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, a heterologous gene expression and secretion system was developed for the production of hEGF(human Epidermal Growth Factor) which has been shown to promote epithelial cell proliferation and to inhibit gastric acid secretion. The hEGF gene was chemically synthesized according to the preferred codon usage in H. polymor- pha and expressed under the control of the strong and inducible methanol oxidase(MOX) promoter. The mating factor $\alpha$ pre-pro leader sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed for hEGF to be secreted into the extracellular medium. This expression cassette was stably integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. Mature hEGF was efficiently expressed and secreted into the extracel- lular medium. About 24 mg/l of hEGF was detected in the cuture supernatant of a transformant with pA-EGF3 under the suboptimal culture conditions.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.369-377
• /
• 1998

To analyze the unique aspects of biomolecular processing for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production and secretion, the simple working model based on 3-compartment (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and extracellular medium) was developed. Based on in vitro MAb assembly experimental results, the kinetic model for MAb assembly in the endoplasmic reticulumn was proposed. The dynamics of MAb assembly and secretion was simulated using methematica program. According to the simulation results, the proposed 3-compartment model provides an efficient means to predict the specific MAb productivity as well as intracompartmental concentrations of MAb in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and extracellular compartment model. In vivo profiles of MAb intermediates gave good agreements with the simulation profiles predicted by the intracellular compartment model. Furthermore, results of such analysis can help in directing the control strategy for optimum biomolecular processing in a mammalian cell culture system.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.299-307
• /
• 2003

The effects of additions/deletions in glycosylated residues of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in CHO-K1 on their secretion were examined. hEPO cDNA was amplified from human liver mRNA and cloned into the pCR2.1 TOPO. Using overlapping-extension site-directed mutagenesis method, glycosylation sites at 24th, 38th, 83rd, and 126th were respectively or accumulatively removed by substituting its asparagine (or serine) with glutamine. To add novel glycosylation sites, 69 and 105th leucine was mutated to asparagine. Mutant and wild type rhEPO constructs were cloned into the pcDNA3 expression vector with CMV promoter and transfected into CHO cell line, CHO-K1, to produce mutant rhEPO mutant rhEPO proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Western analysis with monoclonal anti-EPO antibody were performed using supernatants of the cultures showing transient and stable expressions respectively. Addition of novel glycosylation reduced rhEPO secretion dramatically while deletion mutants had little effect except some double deletion mutants ($\Delta$24/83 and $\Delta$38/83) and triple mutant ($\Delta$24/38/83). This fact suggests that not single but combination of changes in glycosyl groups affect secretion of rhEPO in cell culture, possibly via changes in their conformations.