• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.723-731
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• 2008

Immunomodulatory feed additives might offer alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of dietary galacto-mannan-oligosaccharide (GMOS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) supplementation on the immune response in early-weaned piglets. Forty 15-day-old piglets (Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire) with an average live body weight of $5.6{\pm}0.51kg$ were weaned and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups that were fed maize-soybean meal diets containing either basal, 110 mg/kg of lincomycin, 250 mg/kg of COS or 0.2% GMOS, respectively, over a 2-week period. Another six piglets of the same age were sacrificed on the same day at the beginning of the study for sampling, in order to obtain baseline values. Interleukin (IL)-1${\beta}$gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes, jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-2 and IL-6, IgA, IgG, and IgM, were evaluated for 5 pigs from each group at 15 and 28 days of age. The results indicate that weaning stress resulted in decreases in serum antibody and cytokine levels. Dietary supplementation with GMOS or COS enhanced (p<0.05) IL-1${\beta}$gene expression in jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes, as well as serum levels of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-2, IL-6, IgA, IgG and IgM compared to supplementation with lincomycin. These findings suggest that GMOS or COS may enhance the cell-mediated immune response in early-weaned piglets by modulating the production of cytokines and antibodies, which shows that GMOS or COS have different effects than the antibiotic on animal growth and health.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.149-163
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• 1986

1. 한국에서 재배된 영지의 일반 성분을 분석한 결과, 수분 14.6 %, 회분 2.0 %, 조 지방 3.3 %, 조 단백 질 23.6 %, 조 섬유 59.0 %이었다. 9 종의 환원당 중 maltose가 9.2 mg/g으로써 가장 많았다. alanine을 비롯한 17 종의 유리 아미노산이 함유되어 있었다. 열수 추출액의 pH는 $4.1{\sim}4.2$ 이었다. 2. 주사 전자 현미경으로 2 종류의 재배 영지의 포자 표면의 미세 구조를 관찰하여 본 결과, 차이점이 없었으며 그 크기는 장경(長 徑) $6.3{\sim}7.1\;{\mu}m$, 단경(短徑) $3.5{\sim}4.3\;{\mu}m$, 두께 $2.0{\sim}2.5\;{\mu}m$이었다. 표면의 오목한 부분은 직경(直徑) $0.4{\sim}0.5\;{\mu}m$의 원형이다. 3. Sarcoma-180을 이식한 마우스에 대한 영지의 수명 연장 효과는 Fraction A가 131.7 %, Fraction B가 162.5 %, Fraction C가 141.7 %이었다. 4. Fraction B를 40 mg/kg의 용량으로 5 일간 마우스에 투여하였을 때, 지연형 과민만응이 대조군에 비하여 66.7 %로 회복되었다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2010

대상포진(Herpes Zoster:HZ)은 수두 대상포진 바이러스(Varicella Zoster virus)에 의해 야기된 속발성 또는 잠복성 감염이다. 증령에 따라 바이러스 특이적 면역 및 세포 매개 면역력이 감소하면서 바이러스가 재활성화되기 때문에, 대상포진은 주로 노년층에서 호발한다. 대상포진에 이환되면, 극심한 급성 통증이 발생하게 되고 수개월에 걸쳐서 회복하게 된다. 포진후신경통(Postherpetic neuralgia:PNH)은 대상포진의 대표적인 합병증의 하나로, 대상포진에 이환된 후 발생한 통증이 3개월 이상 회복되지 않을 때, 포진후신경통으로 진단할 수 있다. 임상적 증상으로는 주기적으로 찌르는 듯한 통증이 동반되는 타는 듯한 통증, 이질통이 발생할 수 있으며, 감각저하 또는 지각이상을 보일 수 있다. $Neurometer^{(R)}$(neuroselective sensory nerve conduction threshold: sNCT, Automated current perception threshold: CPT, neurotron incorporated. Baltimore, Maryland. 21209 U.S.A.)는 신경의 감각이상을 평가하는 데 유용하게 쓰이는 평가기구이다. 이번 증례는 포진후신경통을 주소로 내원한 환자의 치료 증례를 통해, 포진후신경통의 발생기전을 고찰해보고, 그 치료법에 대하여 알아보고, 또한 치료과정 중의 경과관찰 방법으로서 $Neurometer^{(R)}$를 이용하여, 감각이상의 평가 및 경과관찰시 지각이상에 대한 정량적인 평가를 시도하였다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2020

Tomato grey mould has been one of the destructive fungal diseases during tomato production. Ten mM of menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) was applied to tomato plants for eco-friendly control of the grey mould. MSB-reduced tomato grey mould in the 3rd true leaves was prolonged at least 7 days prior to the fungal inoculation of two inoculum densities (2 × 10⁴ and 2 × 10⁵ conidia/ml) of Botrytis cinerea. Protection efficacy was significantly higher in the leaves inoculated with the lower disease pressure of conidial suspension compared to the higher one. MSB-pretreatment was not effective to arrest oxalic acid-triggered necrosis on tomato leaves. Plant cell death and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were restricted in necrotic lesions of the B. cinereainoculated leaves by the MSB-pretreatment. Decreased conidia number and germ-tube elongation of B. cinerea were found at 10 h, and mycelial growth was also impeded at 24 h on the MSB-pretreated leaves. MSB-mediated disease suppressions were found in cotyledons and different positions (1st to 5th) of true leaves inoculated with the lower conidial suspension, but only 1st to 3rd true leaves showed decreases in lesion sizes by the higher inoculum density. Increasing MSB-pretreatment times more efficiently decreased the lesion size by the higher disease pressure. MSB led to inducible expressions of defence-related genes SlPR1a, SlPR1b, SlPIN2, SlACO1, SlChi3, and SlChi9 in tomato leaves prior to B. cinerea infection. These results suggest that MSB pretreatment can be a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for environment-friendly management of tomato grey mould.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.4031-4036
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• 2012

Background: The negative signaling provided by interactions of the co-inhibitory molecule, programmed death-1 (PD-1), and its ligands, B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC (PD-L2), is a critical mechanism contributing to tumor evasion; blockade of this pathway has been proven to enhance cytotoxic activity and mediate antitumor therapy. Here we evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of AAV-mediated delivery of the extracellular domain of murine PD-1 (sPD-1) to a tumor site. Material and Methods: An rAAV vector was constructed in which the expression of sPD-1, a known negative regulator of TCR signals, is driven by human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV-P), using a triple plasmid transfection system. Tumor-bearing mice were then treated with the AAV/sPD1 construct and expression of sPD-1 in tumor tissues was determined by semi quantitative RT-PCR, and tumor weights and cytotoxic activity of splenocytes were measured. Results: Analysis of tumor homogenates revealed sPD-1 mRNA to be significantly overexpressed in rAAV/sPD-1 treated mice as compared with control levels. Its use for local gene therapy at the inoculation site of H22 hepatoma cells could inhibit tumor growth, also enhancing lysis of tumor cells by lymphocytes stimulated specifically with an antigen. In addition, PD-1 was also found expressed on the surfaces of activated CD8+ T cells. Conclusion: This study confirmed that expression of the soluble extracellular domain of PD-1 molecule could reduce tumor microenvironment inhibitory effects on T cells and enhance cytotoxicity. This suggests that it might be a potential target for development of therapies to augment T-cell responses in patients with malignancies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.690-699
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance, immune status, organs weights, and microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and small intestine. Methods: A total of 120, 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into the following four treatment groups: corn-soy based basal diet (BD) without supplement (control), or the same BD supplemented with 0.1 g/kg zinc bacitracin (ZnB), 0.5 g/kg SB (SB-0.5), or 1.0 g/kg SB (SB-1), respectively. Six birds/group were killed on d-21 and d-35, and samples were collected. Results: Cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-Phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine and sheep red blood cells on d-35 was noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 compared to ZnB and control. Lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was attained by the supplemented groups. Thymus and spleen weighed more (p<0.05) in SB-1, and bursa registered more (p<0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to control. On d-21, areas of thymus medulla and spleen germinal centers were noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 group. The villus height and villus surface area increased (p<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d-21, and in SB-1 on d-35, respectively compared to ZnB and control. On d-21, number of goblet cells containing mucins of acidic nature increased (p<0.05) in all the segments of small intestines in SB-1 group compared to control, and on d-35 in ileum compared to other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, SB improved growth performance and immunity as well as modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broiler chickens.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 1992

폐흡충(Paragonimus westermani) 피낭유충을 마우스에 감염시킨 후 in vitro상에서 비장 림프구에 폐흡충 항원, phytohemagglutinin(PHA) 및 혈청 첨가시 림프구 아세포화 반응을 관찰하였다. PHA로 자극시킨 감염 마우스의 비장 림프구는 비감염군에 비해 감염 1 주 후에 평균 53.6%의 유의한 증식 억제를 관찰하였고, 폐흡충 성충항원으로 자극시킨 경우 감염 마우스의 비장 림프구의 증식은 감염 1 주 후부터 6 주까지 비감염군에 비해 중가되었으며 특히 감염 1 주와 4 주 후에는 각각 평균 200.9% 및 280.2%의 유의한 수준으로 증가되었다. 또한 피낭유충 항원으로 감염 마우스의 비장 림프구를 자극시에도 비감염군의 림프구의 증식에 비해 전반적으로 증가되었으며 특히 감염 4 주 째에는 평균 180.5%의 유의한 수준으로 증가하였다. 폐홉충에 감염된 마우스의 감염 4 주 째 혈청을 PHA로 자극시킨 비감염 마우스 비장 림프구에 첨가하였을 때 유의한 수준의 증식의 억제를 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과들로 보아 폐흡충 감염 마우스에서 림프구가 세포 매개성 면역에 관여하며 감염 혈청이 PHA에 대한 T 림프구의 증식을 억제함을 알 수 있었다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.89-95
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• 1984

Hydrocortisone과 ginseng 그리고 hydrocortisone과 ginseng의 혼합물이 phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P)으로 유도한 모세혈관 림파구 변형에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 정상인 4명을 대상으로 연구하였다. 인삼의 농도를 0.16${\mu}g$/ml에서 1.60${\mu}g$/ml까지 증가시킴에 따라 PHA-P의 림파구 변형에 상관성이 있는 억제현상을 보였으며, hydrocortisone 500${\mu}g$/ml과 ginseng 0.8${\mu}/g$/ml을 동시 투여하였을 경우 각각 단일 물질 투여시 보다 상당한 PHA-P 변형의 억제효과를 나타냈다. 이는 인삼이 in vitro상에서 steroid와 유사한 효과를 갖고 있음을 시사해 주며, 면역에 hydrocortisone과 더불어 상당한 효과를 가지고 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. in vivo상에서 6명의 정상인을 대상으로 PHA-P 변형에 대하여 인삼의 효과를 연구한 결과 4주에 이르러 상당한 억제효과가 관찰되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1035-1045
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• 2016

To evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on Peyer's patch cells, mice were treated with a high dose of kanamycin to disturb the gut microbial environment. The overarching goal was to explore the potential of LAB for use as a dietary probiotic that buffers the negative consequences of antibiotic treatment. In vitro, LAB stimulated the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from isolated Peyer's patch cells. Inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) were up-regulated in Caco-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while tight-junction-related genes (ZO-1 and occludin) were down-regulated; the effects of LPS on inflammatory gene and tight-junction gene expression were reversed by treatment with LAB. Mice treated with a high dose of kanamycin showed increased serum IgE levels and decreases in serum IgA and fecal IgA levels; the number of Peyer's patch cells decreased with kanamycin treatment. However, subsequent LAB treatment was effective in reducing the serum IgE level and recovering the serum IgA and fecal IgA levels, as well as the number of Peyer's patch cells. In addition, ZO-1 and occludin mRNA levels were up-regulated in the ileum tissues of mice receiving LAB treatment. Lactic acid bacteria can enhance the intestinal immune system by improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and increasing the production of IgA in Peyer's patches. Lactic acid bacteria should be considered a potential probiotic candidate for improving intestinal immunity, particularly in mitigating the negative consequences of antibiotic use.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

This study was carried out to examine a novel inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) vaccine candidate for protection of mice against salmonellosis by immunization of BALB/c mice using various type adjuvant. The novel type-inactivated vaccine candidate was constructed by adding Chlorhexidine digluconate solution. BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups of 15 mice apiece. The mice were intramuscularly (IM) primed at 6 weeks of age and were IM boosted 8 weeks of age. Groups A and B mice were injected with sterile phosphate-buffered saline as controls; group C mice were inoculated with 5×10⁸ cells/100 µL of formalin-inactivated S. Typhimurium cells and adjuvant ISA70; groups D~F mice were immunized with 5×10⁸ cells/100 µL of the inactivated vaccine candidate and adjuvant ISA70, adjuvant IMS1313 and adjuvant IMS1313 containing 30 ㎍/mL of GI24, respectively. All mice (except group A mice) were orally challenged with a virulent S. Typhimurium strain at 10 weeks of age. Mice from groups C-F had significantly increased IgG levels compared to control groups (A-B) mice. The levels of splenocyte IFN-γ and IL-4 in mice of all groups were measured by ELISA, resulting in increased immunity in group F mice compared to those of groups A-E mice. These data suggested that systemic and cell-mediated immune responses were highly induced by IM immunization with the vaccine candidate and adjuvant IMS1313 containing GI24. Furthermore, clinical signs such as death were observed in only 20% of group F mice after virulent Salmonella strain challenge, however, groups B and C (100%), and groups D and E (60%) mice died. This data suggested that mice immunized by intramuscular prime and booster with this vaccine candidate and adjuvant IMS1313 containing GI24 effectively protected mice from salmonellosis.