• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.637-645
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• 2006

This study reviewed and discussed the nature of scientific hypothesis described in philosophy, the philosophy of science, science, and science education. In these descriptions, a hypothesis was defined as one of five types: hypothesis as an assumption, hypothesis as a prediction, hypothesis as a tentative explanation, hypothesis as a tentative law, and hypothesis as a tentative causal explanation. Most scholars agreed that a hypothesis is a proposition or a set of propositions proposed as an explanation for an observed situation. In this view, a hypothesis is a possible answer to or an explanation of a question that accounts for all the observed facts. Also, it is a statement that explains why things happen in nature or an explanation for an observation that can be tested. In the five types of hypothesis meanings, a tentative explanation includes a tentative law and a tentative causal explanation. However, tentative laws are not explanation but description which are general statements drawn from specific experiences by way of a process known as induction. A number of studies also have distinguished hypothesis from assumption, tentative explanation, tentative law, and prediction. Therefore, a hypothesis is concluded to be a proposition or a set of propositions proposed as a tentative causal explanation for an observed situation.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Factors and causal structures of pre-service elementary teachers about the critical thinking and the scientific literacy competency were investigated in this study. The third grade university students and the first grade university students in the metropolitan city participated in this study. The factor analysis method and the structural equation modeling method were used for the data analysis, and the following results were obtained. First, the third grade university students and the first grade university students recognized 'inquisitive thinking' factor and 'reflective thinking' factor as factors of the critical thinking, and 'scientific explanation' factor and 'evidence-based conclusion' factor as factors of the scientific literacy competency respectively. Second, the third grade university students showed more the influence from 'reflective thinking' factor to 'scientific explanation' factor and from 'reflective thinking' factor to 'evidence-based conclusion' factor than the first grade university students.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2020

The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the resultative adjunct clause, i.e., (thus/thereby/hence) ~ing participle and provide explicit syntactic, semantic and sociolinguistic explanation on the question what causes the cause-focused causal construction with resultative (thus/thereby/hence) ~ing participle in English. What comes first is either cause or effect clause. This study explores the recent style shift of causal constructions from the effect-focused pattern to the cause-focused pattern. In this study, we argue that the increasing number of the cause-focused main clause with a resultative ~ing participle clause shows the process of the style evolution improving speech/wring style in many respects including syntactic simplification, clarification of the sentence meaning with impact on the focused clauses, and improvement of the flow of speech/writing. The style shift found in the English resultative adjunct clauses, i.e., (thus/hence/thereby) ~ing participle constructions prove to be the style evolution from syntactic, semantic and sociolinguistic point of views.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.149-160
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between the patterns of elementary school teachers' explanations and the patterns of students' questions types on scientific phenomena. for the purposes of this study, we collected questions related to scientific phenomena from 255 $3rd{\sim}6th$ students in 2 elementary schools. Classifying the students' questions collected, 20 representative questions for each type were selected. Data regarding teachers' scientific explanation from 62 teachers of 3 elementary schools were also collected. The results of the analysis of the questions for each science field show that the students in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades have the most questions regarding biology, and those in the 6th grade have more questions regarding earth science. Regarding question types, object exploration questions and explican exploration questions formed the majority. Moreover, the higher the students' grades, a decrease in the number of conjectural questions and an increase in the number of causal questions were observed. As a result of the analysis of the teachers' explanation, the following explanation types could be discerned; conjecture, hypothesis, prediction, teleological explanation, information given to feed exploration questions, as well as verification and information supply fer verification purposes. There were 4 kinds of relationships between question types and explanation types. One was the explanation fitting to each question type, a second was the explanation with additional content than the question required, a third was where the explanation was inappropriate to the question, and a forth was where the teacher responded that they "don't know." This study, investigating the relationships between questioning as a scientific inquiry process and explanation, will help to promote discussion regarding science classes in elementary school.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.175-198
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• 2007

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been a basis model for testing technology use. Post researches of TAM have been conducted with the updating the TAM by adding new independent variables in order to increase the explanation power of the model. However, one problem is that different independent variables have to be introduced to keep the explanation power whenever applying to particular technology. This reduces the generality of the research model. Thus in order to increase the generality of the model, this study reviewed the previous researches and collected the independent variables used, and regrouped them into three basic independent constructs. New research model was designed with three basic independent constructs with four constructs selected for the mandatory IT environment and voluntary IT environment, and the structured equations analysis(AMOS) was applied to find the significant causal effect relationships between constructs in addition to the explanation power of the model. Finally, this study concluded that new TAM could be used to explain the users' adopting new technology without any adding new particular independent variables.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 2004년도 동계 국제 심포지움
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• pp.33-48
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• 2004

o Asia dust storm events could increase the risk of daily mortality in Taipei, although none of the associations were statistically significant, This study found greater specificity for associations with respiratory and circulatory deaths, and this increases the plausibility of a causal explanation.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.249-257
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 중학생들이 유전과 관련된 과학적 현상에 대한 설명 글쓰기에서 드러나는 개념 성취 수준을 살펴보고, 과학적 현상을 설명하기 위해 어떠한 논변 구조와 정당화 방식을 사용하는지, 과학적 지식을 적절하게 정당화에 이용하고 있는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 서울시 소재 중학교 3학년 학생들 162명이 '유전과 진화'를 학습한 후에 크기와 모양이 같은 초록색 피망과 빨간색 피망이 같은 종류인지 다른 종류인지 다른 주장을 하는 경쟁 논변 중 하나를 선택하여 그 이유를 설명하도록 하였다. 연구 결과, 개념 성취 개념 성취 수준에서 전체 응답자(162명) 중 47%(77명)는 정답을, 53%(85명)는 오답을 제시하였다. 논변 수준을 살펴보면, 정답 학생들은 자료를 주장이나 결론에 연결하여 논거를 제시하는 수준인 수준 3(Constructing warrant)이 오답 학생들은 주장과 자료를 논리적으로 연결하지 않고 증거만 제시하는 수준인 수준 2(Providing evidence)가 가장 많았다. 정당화를 하면서 과학 지식(Scientific idea)의 사용을 학생들의 조사한 결과, 인과적 설명의 질을 결정할 수 있는 요소로 과학 지식을 사용한 학생 중 36%가 옳은 과학 지식(Correct scientific knowledge)을 사용하였으나, 나머지 학생들은 옳지 않은 과학 지식이나 특정되지 않은 과학 지식을 사용하였다. 이와 같은 연구 결과들은 인식적 실행인 과학적 현상을 설명하는 논변적 글쓰기를 장려하기 위해서 논변의 구조에 대한 영역 일반적인 지식의 교수 실행을 통해 관련된 특정 과학 지식을 적용하여 자신의 생각을 증거와 주장을 잘 연결할 수 있도록 훈련하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 강조한다.

• 의료법학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.263-302
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• 2014

The court handed down meaningful rulings related to medical sectors in 2013. This paper presents the ruling that the care workers could be the performance assistants of the care-giving service although the duties of care worker are not included in the liability stipulated in the medical contract signed with the hospital for reason of clear distinction of duties between care workers and nurses within the hospital in connection with the contract which was entered into between the hospital and patients. In relation to negligence and causal relationship, the court recognized medical negligence associated with the failure to detect the brain tumor due to the negligent interpretation of MRI findings while rejecting the causal relationship with consequential cerebral hemorrhage. The court also recognized negligence based on the observation on the grounds of inadequate medical records in a case involving the hypoxic brain damage caused during the cosmetic surgery. In terms of the scope of compensation for damages, this paper presents the ruling that the compensation should be estimated based on causal relationship only in case the breach of the 'obligation of explanation' is recognized, however rejecting the reparation for de factor property damages in the form of compensation, and the ruling that the lawsuit could be instituted in case that the damages exceeded the agreed scope despite the agreement that the hospital would not be held responsible for any aftereffects of surgery from the standpoint of lawsuit, along with the ruling that recognized the daily net income by reflecting the unique circumstances faced by individual students of Korean National Police University and artists of Western painting. Many rulings were handed down with respect to medical certificate, prescription, etc., in 2013. This paper introduced the ruling which mentioned the scope of medical certificate, the ruling that related to whether the diagnosis over the phone at the issuance of prescription could constitute the direct diagnosis of patient, along with the ruling that required the medical certificate to be generated in the name of doctor who diagnosed the patients, and the ruling which proclaimed that it would constitute the breach of Medical Act if the prescription was issued to the patients who were not diagnosed. Moreover, this paper also introduced the ruling that related to whether the National Health Insurance Service could make claim to the hospitals for the reimbursement of the health insurance money paid to pharmacies based on the prescription in the event that the hospitals provided prescription of drugs to outpatients in violation of the laws and regulations.

• 철학연구
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• 제105권
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• pp.75-94
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• 2008

심리철학에서 수축주의(deflationism)와 비환원주의의 옹호자들은 모두 정신인과의 문제가 과장되어 있다고 주장하지만 그 정도와 이유에는 큰 차이가 있다. 수축주의자는 이 문제가 사이비 문제(a bogus problem)이기때문에 물리주의적 형이상학을 포기하고 인식론적 또는 과학적 설명에 집중해야한다고 주장한다. 이와는 대조적으로 비환원주의자들은 김재권이 제시하는 폐쇄의 원리(the principle of causal closure)와 배제의 원리(the principle of causal exclusion) 자체들을 받아들이기 때문에 - 비록 그들은 이 원리들이 수반과 함께 작용될 때 환원으로 가야하는 정당성을 제공하지는 않는다고 생각하지만 - 그것의 철학적 문제 성립에는 어느 정도 동의하지만 그 문제가 제기한 심각한 문제를 수축주의자들의 부분적 주장과 같이 수반개념으로 충분히 극복할 수 있다고 주장한다. 물론 수축주의자들은 형이상학적 주제인 수반을 물리주의자들이 인정하는 만큼 적절한 개념으로 간주하지는 않는다. 과연 수축주의자들은 무슨 근거로, 어떻게 배제논변에 의존한 정신인과의 문제를 사이비 문제라고 간주하는가? 이 논문에서 필자는 이런 다양한 의문들에 대한 비판적 검토를 하면서 현대판 심신문제인 정신인과의 문제에 대한 가장 적절한 대응이 무엇인지를 관련된 문제들의 명료화를 통해서 결정하려고 시도할 것이다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.203-230
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• 2013

본 연구는 한국복지패널의 원자료를 cross-lagged panel design에 따라 분석자료를 추출하고 인과관계 분석 모형을 이용하여 음주문제와 우울의 인과관계를 분석하였다. 나아가 빈곤이 음주문제와 우울에 영향을 미친다는 국내외 선행연구들을 바탕으로, 음주문제와 우울 간의 인과관계와 빈곤 상태의 변화가 연관성이 있는지를 살펴보았다. 연구 대상은 한국복지패널의 1차년도와 2차년도의 자료에서 반복측정된 3,976명의 성인 남녀였으며, 인과관계 분석은 McArdle and Hamagami (2001)에 의해서 정립된 Latent Difference Scores (LDS)모델을 사용하였다. 분석단계에서는 먼저 음주문제와 우울의 인과관계를 밝힌 후에, 이러한 인과관계가 빈곤의 상태변화를 나타내는 4개의 하위집단 (빈곤 지속 집단, 빈곤 탈출 집단, 비빈곤 지속 집단, 빈곤시작 집단)에서 유지되는지를 분석하였다. 분석결과 연구대상전체를 이용한 LDS모델의 결과는 우울이 음주문제의 변화를 예측할 뿐 아니라 음주 역시 우울의 변화를 예측하는 것으로 나타나 우울과 음주가 상호 인과관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 연구 대상자를 빈곤 상태 변화에 따른 집단으로 구분하여 분석한 결과 빈곤지속 집단에서는 우울과 음주가 상호 인과관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났고, 빈곤 시작 집단과 비빈곤 지속 집단에서는 우울의 음주 변화에 선행하는 요인으로 나타났다. 그러나 빈곤 탈출 집단에서는 음주와 우울 사이의 인과관계가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 음주와 우울 사이의 인과관계가 빈곤상태변화에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 체계적으로 보여주는 새로운 결과로서 기존의 횡단연구들에서 우울과 음주의 관계에 대한 서로 상충하는 다양한 결과들에 대한 종합적 설명을 제공할 수 있다는 의미가 있다.