• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.85-96
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• 2018

Purpose - There are many antecedences and consequences of the positive emotions of customers. The purpose of this research is to examine how Chinese service companies improve not only the positive emotions of customers but also the quality of life through effective verbal and nonverbal communication. Furthermore, we tried to analyze the moderating role of negative expectancy disconfirmation perceived by customers in those causal relationships among the variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The eight hypotheses were proposed and we tested them empirically in this research. Four hypotheses were about the relationship among communication, positive emotion, trust and quality of life. The other four hypotheses were about the moderating effect of negative expectancy disconfirmation in the causal relationships among four variables such as communication, positive emotion, trust and quality of life. A total of 356 samples who had visited the service companies in China were surveyed and 8 hypotheses were tested by empirical analysis using SPSS and AMOS. Results - The results of this research are as follows. First, positive verbal communication and nonverbal communication of employees in the service company have a positive effects on the positive emotions of customers. Second, positive emotion has a positive effect on the overall quality of life on the customer side as well as the trust on the corporate side. Third, negative expectancy disconfirmation perceived by customers has negative moderating effect in the causal relationship between employees' positive verbal communication and customers' positive emotion, and it also has a negative moderating role in the causal relationship between customers' positive emotion and overall quality of life. Conclusions - Based on these results, there can be such implications as follows. First, managers and employees of service companies can induce positive emotion of customers through effective communication. Second, service companies should try to improve not only the corporate-side performance like trust but also the customer-side performance like quality of life. Third, it will be significant for them to lower the level of negative expectancy disconfirmation for the purpose of improving not only the positive emotions of customers but also the quality of customers' life.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.79-97
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a causal model determining social carrying capacity(SCC) in natural parks, to answer the research question: What is the mechanism for determining SCC in natural parks (NP)\ulcorner After reviewing the literature on SCC and recreation activities in Korean natural parks, we constructed a conceptual framework and formulated the hypothesis of this research. We obtained data through a questionnaire which surveyed 487 visitors at 6 of the 73 NP in Korea during 2001, based on a stratified sampling method. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, the mean difference test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and path analysis method. We found that 1) The direct effect of resources, activity space(AS), visitor's expectation(VE), encounter, crowding, damage of resources(DR), maintenance condition of resources and facility(MCRF) to SCC are 3.45, 3.62, 2.75, 2.72, 1.32, and 4.77 times more important than that of crowding, respectively, while the indirect effect of resources, AS, VE, encounter, and DR to SCC is 13.03, 11.19, 3.34, 1.3, 2.05, 1.10, 0.05 and 2.30 times more important then that of crowding, respectively, 2) Causal effects of resources, facility, AS, VE, number of visitors(NV), encounter, crowding, VM, DR, and MCRF to SCC turned out to have 0.3523, 0.3321, 0.1751, 0.1465, 0.0307, 0.0762, 0.0604, -0.0510, -0.1177 and 0.2165, respectively, and 3) The causal effect of activity base(AB) and activity atmosphere(AA) to SCC turned out to have 2.57 and 1.1 times higher than that of MCRF, respectively. The research results suggest that 1) this conceptual framework is highly useful for the development of substantive theory and methodology; 2) management issues of AA and MCRF turned out to have 0.81 times in SCC that of AB, i.e, SCC can be significantly improved from control of AA and MCRF; and 3) supply of excellent resources and convenient facilities is needed to increase social carrying capacity. It is recommended that more empirical studies be performed in the future according to the season, visitor characteristics, and AS by NP.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.115-120
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• 2015

The old people's feelings, emotions, and self-evaluative judgements fluctuate overtime. The purpose of this paper is to proof relations among well-being factors in social activity. Major results of this paper was as follows. First, the social activity participated elderly had higher health status, self-esteem, mental-health, and successful aging than the non-participated elderly. Second, self-esteem and mental health were exposed as important variable for all of the two groups to improve the successful aging. Thus, self-esteem and mental health can become significant indicator of self-empowering and psychological resilience. Third, the strongest total causal effect of successful aging was health status in social activity participated elderly, while self-esteem was the greatest total causal effect of it in the non-participated elderly. Health status had higher indirect effect of successful aging than direct effect of it in both of them.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.46-61
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• 2019

This study constructs an integrated model for university students' smart phone cyber bullying and tests interaction effects between causal and control factors. Causal factors include low self-control, differential association with cyber bullying peers, and victimization experiences; and control factors include internet ethics, perceived certainty of formal punishment, and bond to parents. This study focuses on examining how internet ethics buffers the effect of causal factors in cyber bullying. Results show that both differential association with cyber bullying peers and victimization experiences have significant effects on cyber bullying. And among the control factors, internet ethics only has a negative direct effect on cyber bullying. In addition, it is found that there are significant interaction effects between two causal factors - differential association with cyber bullying peers and victimization experiences - and internet ethics. It is also shown that there is a significant interaction effect between victimization experience and bond to parents, but a perceived formal punishment has no significant control effect. It is revealed that internet ethics is a main control factor in buffering the effects of causal factors in cyber bullying.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.367-379
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• 2014

Background: Over the last decade, medical tourism industry has grown in Korea. Especially the number of Mongolian medical tourists has increased rapidly. Therefore, the Mongolia is one of the targets for Korea medical tourism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of destination image and expected attributes of medical services on Mongolian's intention to use Korean medical tourism service. Methods: This study empirically collected survey data from Mongolian lived in Mongolia. The study analyzed the data using a PLS model. Results: Our results are as follows. First, the country image didn't significantly have causal effects on expected medical service quality and perceived risk. Second, tourism image (e.g., entertainment, economic feasibility, and local convenience) has significantly causal effects on expected medical service quality and perceived risk. However, tourist site as tourism image didn't significantly have causal effects on expected medical service quality and perceived risk. Third, medical image made a statistically significant effect on expected medical service quality and perceived risk. Fourth, the expected medical service quality showed a significant effect on intention to use Korean medical tourism service. Fifth, the perceived risk of medical tourism showed a significant effect on the reliability of medical tourism, but didn't show a significant effect on the intention to use Korean medical tourism service. Finally, the reliability has a significant effect on the intention to use Korean medical tourism service. Conclusion: From our empirical results, this study concluded that as a strategy attracting Mongolian patients, it is more effective to strengthen Korean hospital image and tourism image than Korean country image.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the causal relation between identity and school adaptation of multicultural family children, starting from necessity of empirical research considering insufficient preceding research. To achieve the purpose of the research, this study implemented empirical analysis regarding the causal relation between factors of self-identity and school adaptation. As a result, factors of self-identity implies significant effect on school regulations, while factors of school adaptation partially have an effect on school class and relations with a teacher and friend. Based on the result of verification, this study emphasizes teachers' effort as well as comprehensive and practical development of an educational program to help children from multicultural family establish the right self-identity for settling into school life. Moreover, the limitation of this study and future research direction is presented.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.247-266
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• 2005

Subjects of this study were 621 children selected from 5th and 6th grades of elementary schools in Pusan. Factors associated with parents and peers varied by type of peer maladjustment(aggressive type and withdrawn type, compared with a control group). Particularly, the level of factors associated with peers varied from the control group by peer maladjusted types(aggressive types and, withdrawn types). Causal relationships of parents' rejection, victimization, negative representation by parents and by peers on child？s maladjustment varied by behavior types. Negative representation of peers had a direct effect only on withdrawal. On the other hand, negative representation of peers had no effect on aggression. Victimization had a first total effect on both withdrawal and aggression.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.261-276
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• 2013

Purpose: This study intends to offer strategic implications that can be used in Korean medicine hospitals through analysis of causal relationship among factors focusing on image improvement and trust building. Methods: Differential model was introduced to test causal relationship. Questionnaire was developed, and data was collected and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling. Results: Medical service has effects on image, trust, and CS. CS has an effect on trustworthiness, and trustworthiness has positive effect on loyalty intention and has negative effect on switching intention. Emotional attachment has moderating functions between trust and loyalty intention and between trust and switching intention. Conclusion: This study offers practical implications to relevant managers, at the same time it has limitations that omits relevant study of inducing factor for emotional attachment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.65-78
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze a causal relations of preschool aged children's social adjustment, socio-demographic variables, parenting stressor, social support and parenting behaviors. The major findings of this study were as follow; (1) Parenting stressor was the first contribution factor on preschool aged children's adjustment. (2) Parenting stressor had a indirect effect through social suport, limit setting, encouragement of independence behavior as well as a direct effect on preschool aged children's social adjustment. (3) Preschool aged children's social adjustment was affected by social support indirectly through parenting behaviors. (4) Encouragement of independent behavior, limit setting behavior had a direct effect on preschool aged children's social adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.111-129
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of consumer instantly impulse buying in cuber market user. Also this study analyzes causal effect on consumer instantly impulse purchasing by demographic and social, place and promotion, consumer emotion state, and consumer internal and psychological variables. The data had been collected from on-line research method with 1,034, as using cuber market. The major statistical methods used for data analysis are frequency, percentile, mean, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, and path analysis. The result of causal effect analysis were as follows; First, the variables affecting possession oriented materialism were sex and age. Second, the variables affecting self-control were sex, income, account of credit card, and instantly state of mind. Third, variables directly affecting instantly impulse purchasing were serif employed, banner advertisement, experience of cuber shopping, shopping mall pattern, instantly state of mind, purpose of shopping, happiness and success oriented materialism, and self-control. Also sex, income account of credit card, and instantly state of mind emerge to indirectly effect via self-control. Especially, the variables of success oriented materialism and instantly state of mind influenced on the highest of relative variables in consumer instantly impulse purchasing.