• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1976

밤나무 1~2년(年) 지(枝)에 함유(含有)된 tannin, catechol tannin, pyrogallol tannin, 당(糖), 전분(澱粉), 및 조단백질등(粗蛋白質等)의 물질(物質)을 시기적(時期的)으로 추출(抽出) 분석(分析)하여 그 물질(物質)들의 시기적(時期的) 동향(動向) 그리고 밤나무 혹벌에 대(對)한 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)과 감수성(感受性) 품종간(品種間)의 차이점(差異點)을 밝히고 밤나무 재배상(栽培上)의 문제점(問題點)으로 되어있는 밤나무 혹벌 저항성(抵抗性)과의 관계(關係)를 조사(調査)한 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 각품종별(各品種別) tannin의 평균적(平均的) 함율(含率)은 Tsuguba 0.730%, Ginyose 0.845%, Shimokatsugi 0.507%, Taisyo-wase 0.520%이었으며 년중(年中) tannin의 양적(量的) 변화(變化)는 6월(月)부터 9월(月)사이에 가장 낮은 함율(含率)을 보이나 9월이후(月以後) 상승(上昇)함을 알수있었고 6월(月)과 9월(月) 사이의 품종별(品種別) 함율(含率)은 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase에 비(比)하여 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 높은 함율(含率)을 나타내었다. 2. 각품종별(各品種別) catechol tannin의 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)은 상대적(相對的) 용량(容量)으로 비교(比較)할 때 Tsuguba 0.0069%, Ginyose 0.0075%, Shimokatsugi 0.0041%, Taisyo-wase 0.0038%이었고 2월이후(月以後) 10월(月)까지 양적(量的)으로 큰 변동(變動)은 없으나 10월이후(月以後)부터 상승(上昇)하였으며 연중(年中)을 통(通)하여 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)인 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)인 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase보다 2배(倍) 이상(以上)의 함율(含率)을 나타낸 것으로 보아 catechol tannin의 양적(量的) 차(差)가 저항성(抵抗性)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)에 있는 것 같다. 3. Pyrogallol tannin을 상대용량(相對容量)으로 비교(比較)하면 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)이 Shimokatsugi 0.0260%, Taisyo-wase 0.0270%이고 Tsuguba 0.0196%, Ginyose 0.0194%이어서 오히려 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)인 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 낮은 함율(含率)을 보였는데 pyrogallol tannin의 양적(量的) 저하(低下)와 catechol tannin의 양적(量的) 증가(增加)가 저항성(抵抗性)에 관계(關係)하지 않은가 생각한다. 4. 당(糖)의 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)은 Tsuguba 1.061%, Ginyose 1.094%, Shimokatsugi 0.961%, Taisyo-wase 0.905%로서 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)인 Tsuguba와 Ginyose가 타품종(他品種)에 비(比)하여 더 많이 함유(含有)하고 있었고 연중(年中) 양적(量的) 분포(分布)도 catecholl tannin과 비슷한 경향(傾向)이었다. 5. 전분(澱粉)은 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)이 Shimokatsugi 2.175%, Taisyo-wase 2.131%, Tsuguba 1.998%, Ginyose 1.854%로서 당(糖)과는 달리 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)인 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase에 더 많이 함유(含有)되어 있었으나 연중(年中) 함율(含率)의 변화(變化)는 당(糖)과 비슷하였다. 6. 조단백질(粗蛋白質)의 연평균(年平均) 함율(含率)도 Shimokatsugi 1.575%, Taisyo-wase 1.620%, Tsuguba 1.543%, Ginyose 1.446%로서 품종간(品種間) 차(差)는 심(甚)하지 않으나 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)이 약간(若干) 많은 경향(傾向)이었고 연중(年中) 함율(含率)의 변화(變化)는 전분(澱粉)과 비슷하였다. 7. 밤나무 혹벌 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)인 Ginyose와 Tsuguba는 tannin, catechol tannin, 및 당(糖)이 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)보다 현저(顯著)하게 많았으며 감수성(感受性) 품종(品種)인 Shimokatsugi와 Taisyo-wase는 pyrogallol tannin, 전분(澱粉), 및 조단백질(粗蛋白質)의 함율(含率)이 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種) 보다 대단(大端)히 많은 것으로 미루어 보아 이들 성분(成分)의 함유차(含有差)가 복합상승작용(複合相乘作用)하여 밤나무 혹벌 저항(抵抗)에 관여(關與)하지 않는가 생각되며 시기적(時期的)인 각성분(各成分)의 변화(變化)와 양적차(量的差) 또한 저항성(抵抗性)에 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있는 것 같다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

This study examined the dyeability, color fastness and functionality of cotton fabrics dyed with residual parts of cultivated Pteridium aquilinum. UV-Vis absorption spectrum, TLC and FT-IR spectra analysis showed that colorants of Pteridium aquilinum are a mixture of pyrogallol tannin and catechol tannin. Optimum dyeing conditions was confirmed colorant concentration of 500% at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes. Color fastness followed to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light as 4-5, 5, 4-5(acidic), 3-4(alkaline) and 2, respectively. Deodorization rates of ammonia($NH_3$) and acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) were analyzed 88.8% and 78.0%. UV protection rate was 94.2% of UV-A and 96.8% of UV-B. UV protection factor(UPF) was 27. Therefore residual parts of cultivated Pteridium aquilinum could be used for a new functional colorant.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.478-485
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• 2012

The dying properties of fabrics with Chaenomelis Fructus extract were studied through an investigation of the characteristic of Chaenomelis Fructus colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (dye temperature, dyeing concentration, and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordant, effect of UV irradiation, and color change in addition, antimicrobial ability and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of maximum absorption of Chaenomelis Fructus extract was 280 nm and showed that tannin is the major pigment component. From the increase of absorbance by UV irradiation, it was assumed that catechol tannin color was developed through UV irradiation. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake. Dye uptake increased as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Chaenomelis Fructus extract showed relatively good affinity to silk than cotton. Mordant, Fe and Cu were effective to increase the dye uptake of cotton fabric in addition, the dye uptake of silk fabric mordanted with Fe and K improved. UV irradiation let the color of dyed fabrics develop regardless of the UV irradiation stage however, UV irradiation on the dyed fabric was more effective than on the extract for the color development. Dyed silk fabric showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9% in addition, deodorant ability improved in the fabric dyed with Chaenomelis Fructus extract.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권3_4호
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• pp.364-372
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• 2003

In this study, the characteristics of catechol tannin and pyrogallol tannin contained in Pteridium aquilinum were analysed by It spectrum. Silk fabrics were dyed with Pteridium aquilinum extracts using various mordants, and their dyeing properties were discussed. Additionally the fastness the water digestion, perspiration liquid digestion and light irradiation were investigated. IR spectrum of catechol tannin showed bands of O-H at $3417cm^{-1}$, C-H at $2930cm^{-1}$, C=0 at $1722cm^{-1}$, C=C at $1644cm^{-1},\;CH_2\;at\;1402cm^{-1}$. And IR spectrum of pyrogallol tannin showed bands of O-H at $3409cm^{-1}$, C-H at $3003cm^{-1}\;and\;2933cm^{-11}$, C=0 at $1701cm^{-1}$, C=C at $1582cm^{-11},\;CH_2\;at\;1410cm^{-1}$, CO at carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid ester at $1287cm^{-1}\;and\;1135cm^{-1}$. The maximum absorption wavelength of the extracts appeared at 270.0nm and 311.5nm. The optimum conditions for dyeing silk fabric with Pteridium aquilinum extracts were $80^{\circ}C$, 60min. Surface color of the silk fabric dyed with Pteridium aquilinum extracts was 2.7Y Surface color of the pre-mordanted fabrics with Al, Cu and Fe were 4.3Y, 2.5Y and 4.7Y, respectively. And Surface color of the post-mordanted fabrics with Al, Cu and Fe were 3.7Y, 2.8Y and 0.2GY. The water fastness and the alkaline perspiration fastness were improved in the Al-mordanted silk fabrics. By acidic and alkaline perspiration treatment, ${\Delta}E of the unmordanted fabrics was lower than hat of pre- and post- mordanted fabrics. Also after 40hour irradiation, ${\Delta}E of the unmordanted fabrics was lower than that of pre- and post- mordanted fabrics.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.547-552
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• 2005

The study has objective in raising value of the gray color as a meaningful color suiting sentiments of modern people by expressing the gray color in various perspective utilizing natural dyes that is natural at the same time having aesthetic color tones. For example, the main ingredient used for coloring black and gray color is the pyrogallol tannin and the gray tone dye can be acquired by combining the tannin with iron. In order to find the suitable condition for processing tannin, UV-Vis part absorption spectrum of Gallapple pyrogallol tannin, dye ability based on temperature and time, reflection rate based on concentration, color changes based on acid treatment and alkali treatment, changes on surface based on concentration or metal mordant condition, and lightfastness were measured. Maximum absorption wavelength (${\lambda}_{max}$) of Gallapple tannin was at around 273 nm, while strong absorption was also observed at below 350 nm. Dye ability of Gallapple tannin is done more easily on silk rather than cellulose fibers such as cotton, while the optimum condition for dyeing was observed to be at $60^{\circ}C$, for 20 minutes. As a result of acid treatment, the color of dye material consist highly of gray tones and showed red tone after the alkali treatment. While it was observed that as dye concentration and metal mordant concentration increased the color changed at counter-clockwise direction on the Y-scale of Munsell's scale of colors. Lightfastness was more on a normal fading. I hope this study opens up possibilities towards presenting gray color expressed from tannin as color with diversity and aesthetic value. In future, comparative study between dye expressed from catechol tannin dye materials will be helpful.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.417-426
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 가죽 생산 공정 중 원피 무게의 50% 이상 고형 폐기물로 발생하는 콜라겐 단백질의 섬유 기재에 미모사(Catechol Tannin) 및 채스트넛(Pyrogallol Tannin)과 같은 식물성 탄닌물질을 다양한 조건에서 고정화시킨 10 가지 다른 종류의 바이오 흡착제를 제조하였다. 제조한 각 바이오 흡착제들의 중금속 제거용 흡착제로서의 성능 평가를 위하여 Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) 이온을 함유한 인공 오염수를 사용하여 다양한 반응 조건에서의 회분식 실험을 실시하였으며, 중금속들의 제거 특성을 규명하였다. 미모사를 탄닌물질로 사용하여 콜라겐에 고정화 반응을 시켰을 때 섬유 번들 내부로의 미모사의 침투력은 나프탈렌계 침투제의 주입량에 비례 하였다; 3% ${\geq}$ 1.5% > 0%. 모든 바이오 흡착제들에서 pH 3.0 이하에서는 중금속 이온들의 제거는 거의 일어나지 않았으나 pH 3.0 이상에서 중금속의 제거율이 급격히 발생하였으며 Zn(II)을 제외한 나머지 중금속이온들은 pH 6.0 이상에서는 거의 완전히 제거되었다. Cr(III)의 경우에는 바이오 흡착제 종류별 제거량이 매우 유사한 경향을 나타내었으나 Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II)의 제거에서는 축합형 탄닌(미모사)에 비해 이온결합이 가능한 다량의 카르복실기를 함유한 가수분해형 탄닌(채스트넛)을 사용하여 고정화시킨 바이오 흡착제에서 높은 제거능을 보였다. S10 바이오 흡착제에 대한 Pb(II) 및 Cu(II) 중금속 이온들의 흡착은 이온농도가 1,000배 변화거나 경쟁이온 화학종을 일하전 및 이하전 화학종을 사용하였을 때 영향을 받지 않았다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.699-707
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• 2010

Catechu is widely used as in natural dyeing as well as in various medicines and tannage. This study investigated the dyeing properties and functionality of Catechu through a series of dyeing experiments using cotton fabric. It was shown that the absorbance of Catechu solution has two peaks at 220nm and 280nm. Thus, it can be concluded that the color constituent of Catechu is a catechol tannin and color tone is YR. The dyeability of Catechu increases as the concentration of the dye is increased. Its variation was shown to be similar to the isothermal absorption curve of the Freundlich. As dyeing time was increases, the dyeability did not change significantly after the 30 minute mark was passed. At high temperatures the dyeability was shown to increase. As the dyeing temperature was increased the color of dyeing fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Experiments with pre-mordanting method showed that various colors can be obtained using Catechu. Cotton is effective in using K, Cu, Fe mordants, and the dyeability was shown to be improved with low pH. Both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causing by repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.709-717
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• 2010

This study investigated the properties and functions of wool and silk dyed with Catechu by examining the effects of dying conditions such as dye concentration, dying temperature, dyeing time, pH level and pre-mordants. These conditions were examined in relation to dye uptake and color changes, washing fastness, light fastness, ultraviolet-cut ability and antimicrobial ability of the dyed fabrics. Catechu showed good affinity to silk fiber. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was obtained, and so it was considered that ionic bondings are formed between Catechu and protein fiber. As the dyeing time and temperature is increased, the dyeability of both silk and wool fabrics also increases. At high temperatures the color of dyed fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Wool is effective in using Al, Cu, Fe mordant, while silk is effective only in using only Cu mordants. The dyeability was shown to be improved at low pH levels. Additionally, both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causingby repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.