• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.31-49
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• 2009

Periodically, the Japanese Castle was created in the domestic of Japan and then 2 Invasions into Chosun was started. The Japanese Castle in the domestic of Japan was repaired several times by the building boom of castle before & after 2 invasions and so the initially-built type of castles was changed. Accordingly, there are much difficulties to understand the original shape of Japanese Castle. Through the Japanese Castle within Korea called as the fossil of Japanese Castle, I would like to examine & consider its building period and characteristics. The terminology called as [Two Side Stone's Wall] is that of castle which is not acknowledged in the Japanese Academic Circles. However, it means the two-fold wall of Japanese Castle which was widely applied to the fortification way in the Age of Japan Edo. The terminology of [Sori] says the stonework curve in the corner of Japanese Castle which is indicated best in the Japanese Castle. It calls the curve as like the fan frame. [Curb Stone's Wall] says the type of castle wall constructed with over 1 face in wall body of Japanese Castle. (1) About classifying the construction period of Japanese Castle, the curb stone's wall and the castle having no two side stone's wall must consider the building period as that of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. If there was [Sori], the two-side stone's wall was used and the place which supported the documentary data, in particular, the place having the record of contraction is considered to be confirmed as the castle constructed in the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. (2) The two-side-type stone's wall shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle is difficultly considered to be generated from the Japanese Castle at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and in 1597. (3) The beautiful [Sori] shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle was started from the Japanese Castle of Korea at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. It is difficultly considered which its indication was firstly generated by the Chaesung-Folded Segment Structure.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the history, space structures, blueprint, and techniques of the construction of Nam-hea city walls. Nam-hea city walls were relocated in 1439 from Whagumhun-Sansung(火金峴山城) to the present site, nearby Nam-hea Um.(南海邑) The city walls were rebuilt after they were demolished during Japanese invasion on Korea in 1592 and their reconstruction was also done in 1757. At present, the city walls only partially remained due to the urbanization of the areas around them. A plane form of the City wall is a square, and the circumference os approximately 1.3km. According to the literature, the circumference of the castle walls is 2,876尺, the height is 13尺, and the width is 13尺 4寸. Hang-Kyo(鄕校). SaGikDan(社稷壇), YoeDan(厲壇), SunSo(船所) which is a harbor, as well as government and public offices such as Kaek-Sa(客舍) and Dong-Hun(東軒) existed inside the castle walls. Inside the castle walls were one well, five springs, one ditch, and one pond, and in the castle walls, four castle gates, three curved castle walls, and 590 battlements existed. The main government offices inside castle walls were composed of Kaek-Sa, Dong-Hun, and Han-Chung(鄕廳) their arrangements were as follows. Kaek-Sa was situated toward North. Dong-Hun was situated in the center of the west castle walls. The main roads were constructed to connect the North and South castle gate, and subsidiary roads were constructed to connect the East and West castle gate. The measurement used in the blueprint for castle wall was Pobaek-scale(布帛尺:1尺=46.66cm), and one side of it was 700尺. South and North gate were constructed in the center of South and North castle wall, and curved castle walls was situated there. One bastion was in the west of curved castle walls and two bastions were in the east of curved castle walls. The east gate was located in the five eighths of in the east castle wall. Two bastions were situated in the north, on bastion in the south, one bastion in the south, and four bastions in the west castle wall. The castle walls were constructed in the following order: construction of castle field, construction of castle foundation, construction of castle wall, and cover the castle foundation. The techniques used in the construction of the castle walls include timber pile(friction pile), replacement method by excavation.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2004

Namdo castle located in Namdong-ri, Imhoi-myon, Chindo-kun Cholla South Province is 610 meters long 5.3 meters high, and 20,000 square meters wide. This castle hasn't an accurate built year record. But there is still a great possibility of its having been built in the Sam-kuk (Three Kingdoms) era (around A.D. 300∼700). This castle seems to have been enlarged after 1438 because Manho-pu (lower unit of government office in Chosun dynasty) in Namdopo first appeared in the 20th year of King Sejong's reign. The main office, guest rooms, official residency of the castle were removed during the Japanese colonial rule and the land of the castle was sold separately for housing in the name of liquidation of Korean history. Thus, the Namdo castle that served as a naval base to defeat the Japan-based pirates' invasions throughout the Chosun period disappeared. As of Oct. 2000. 28 houses including a town hall occupy the site of the castle and are expected to be removed according to the restoration program of the castle. In this thesis, I'd like to study about the characteristics of housing in the site of the castle. To figure out the direction of the restoration program. I interviewed a few relating public officials in Chindo County Office. To examine the characteristics of housing, I surveyed the residents for the surrounding of housing.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2018

This study examined the construction method shown in literatures and materials discovered in rampart, barbican and guard platform for Cheongdo-Eupseong castle which was constructed immediately before Japanese Invasions of Korea (1592-98). According to the result of the examination, the construction method used in the coastal areas and inland areas of Gyeongsang province in the early Joseon period was applied to the rampart, barbican and guard platform in the east and north castle walls, which was constructed earlier than other parts of Cheongdo-Eupseong castle. However, from the western end of the northern castle wall, which was later constructed, to the western castle wall was rebuilt using a construction method different from the method applied to the parts that were constructed earlier after Japanese Invasions of Korea. Cheongdo-Eupseong castle was constructed on a flatland on a large scale and at a low height under unreasonable pressures to construct the castle in a short period of time for military defense as well as civil agitation in the imminent situation just before the outbreak of Japanese Invasions of Korea. In addition, various methods of constructing Eupseong castle utilized at that time were used together, and barbican and guard platform were built generally focusing on rapid completion and convenience, using other methods than the one mainly used at that time. This is the reason why there was a difference in the characteristics of the method and period of castle construction between Cheongdo-Eupseong castle and other Eupseong castles in the coastal areas and inland areas of Gyeongsang province.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is that it is made clear the construction method of Japanese Castle Architecture in Korea as I study the construction method of Suncheon-Japanese Castle(順天倭城) in those days of Jeong-yu Japanese Invasion. Moreover, I intend to analyze the similarity and the difference between Suncheon-Japanese Castle and Korean Castle Architecture by a comparative study. The result of the study is showed that Suncheon-Japanese Castle seemed to be built with the object of a long time stay rather than it was of strategic importance for the national defense. In addition, it was different from other Japanese Castle in Korea because the watch tower(天守閣) of it stood in the middle of stronghold and the watch tower stronghold dividing the round of it while that of it stood the comer of stronghold. The face stone used in important part of watch tower, gate, and so on was mostly a trimed hexangular stone. On the other hand, the face abbuting on the Gulf of kwang-yang was made of naturally wild face stone. The stone cleared traces of Si-hyeol(矢穴) and domestic Castle in Japan was also made of this method after Im-Jin Japanese Invasion. According to the construction method, the wall of castle made use of the Netak(內托) method except the gate, the support stronghold and the watch. The early mountain castle in Korea have this construction method in common.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.75-94
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• 2007

There were many researches on marine transportation and granaries, most of which focused on the historical establishment and organization of the marine transportation. However, a few researches were conducted on the architectural aspects. Hence the purposes of this study are to investigate the following matters: first, documents and relics concerning the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse in Asan, a typical granary during the Joseon Dynasty, were investigated to academically understand the castle's establishment and historical background; second, the dispositional characteristics of the granary and the castle, including its adjacent facilities, were investigated to review its archaeological value; finally, basic materials were provided for systematical preservation and management these relics. As for the research method, the author referred to and analyzed sundry records and old maps, and ascertained in detail historical evidence through residential testimonies and the on-the-spot surveys. In addition, the author investigated the dispositional characteristics of the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse by analyzing its exact size and shape, based on the old documents and an actual survey of the castle remains. The characteristics of the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse may be summarized as follows. First, tribute granary at cape Gongse is a only tribute granary which has a granary and castle. second, the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse has a curvilinear shape, like a gourd dipper; a large circle surrounding the village and a small circle surrounding the area of Mt. Shinpoong both meet up with it. Third, the construction type of the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse is in a style similar to a town castle or a battle camp castle located in the coastal regions. As for its locational conditions, however, the east gate, presumably an incoming and outgoing route to the granary for vessels, was a feature unique to the marine granary castle. Fourth, the tribute granary at Cape Gongse had a granary of eighty kan in 1523 and, in addition, there were also Bongsang-cheong, Sa-chang, Joseon-sobakcheo, Chimhae-dang, and more, not to mention many privates houses in the castle. The granary is located in the center of the tribute granary castle, where Gongse Nonghyub is currently located. The location of the government offices seemed to be on the northern ridge. Fifth, the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse is a valuable relic that offers insight into marine transportation, tribute granaries, and tribute granary castles during the Joseon Dynasty. It has special archaeological value because it was one of only a few tribute granary castles that served to protect the tribute granaries.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2001

The purpose of this study ins to verify the characteristic location of Byungyoung Castle, physical type, inside spatial organization, and the scheme of Byungyoung Castle. The study utilizes historic literature, ancient maps related to Byungyoung Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism and the topographical maps which were made recently by National Geographic Institute with various scales. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The result of the study is as follows; Byungyoung Castle does duty as a defensive base for the entire country and has a specific character of location that has the dual function of a mountain fortress for national defense and of a village fortress for the town. Byungyoung Castle has four gates on four sides and has a oval shape very close to a circular form. The road construction inside the castle is composed basically of a cross shape. Byungyoung is located in the northwest area of this major road system. The private houses that lie along the north-south road are build up at the core area of the lower level and the town market built up around the south gate becomes the heart of life for the people. Schematically, it has the same pattern as regular village fortress, in that the houses for the guests and the houses for the public office are arranged to the east and the west. It is considered that there is certain functional parallel between Byungyoug Castle and Ulsan castle because there are no facilities for sacrificial rites no institutional budding.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

In order to set the direction of providing facility for the utilization of castle heritage, as well as to establish the method for securing access and determine installation criteria in consideration of preservation environment, an analysis was carried out on the cases of having secured access for people with disabilities in England for the advanced utilization of castle heritage. As the result of the analysis, the planning factors of the facility for people with disabilities in England for the utilization of castle heritage were deduced as follows: 1) The plan for facility was focused on the disabled using wheelchairs and visually impaired persons, rather than on services for hearing-impaired persons and people with learning disability. 2) As for audience movement line plan, regular route was used for audience movement line to lead them in a single direction. 3) As for the provision of prior access information, 3 stepwise access grades were established for the facility information plan of heritage. 4) As for information service by disability type, models were provided; and complementary explanation was provided by using text, drawing, picture, video and voice. 5) Rest spaces were secured where audience could look out upon castle heritage. For the utilization of castle heritage, it is necessary to develop planning factors of the facility design for people with disabilities according to its characteristics.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.174-191
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• 2021

강도는 39년간 고려의 수도였으며, 이는 개경의 재현이었다. 하지만 몽골군의 침입이라는 급박한 전시 상황과 강화도의 지형적인 특징 등으로 인해 개경과는 다소 다른 성곽 체제와 궁궐의 배치를 이루고 있었다. 강도의 성곽은 외성-중성-내성으로 구성된 3중성(重城) 체제로 이해할 수 있다. 외성은 가장 먼저 완성한 성곽이었으며 몽골군의 침입을 최전선에서 최우선으로 방비하기 위해 축조된 것이었다. 그 구간은 조선시대 외성의 휴암돈~화도돈이었다고 추정된다. 중성은 강화산성 외곽의 토축성인 현 '중성'으로 볼 수 있다. 이 성곽은 고고학적 조사에서 확인된 축조 수법의 정교함과 견고성을 통해 볼 때 치밀한 계획 하에 축성되었다고 생각된다. 즉 중성은 강도의 도성으로서 궁궐, 관청, 민가 등을 보호하기 위해 18년이라는 장기간의 축성 과정을 거쳐 『고려사』에 기록된 바와 같이 '비로소' 완성되었던 것이다. 내성은 궁성적 성격을 지닌 성곽이었다. 조선시대 강화부의 '구성(舊成)'이 이에 해당하며 개경 구성의 규모와 거의 일치하였다. 내성은 궁궐을 포함한 주요 관부와 부속 시설이 위치한 궁성과 황성의 통합, 즉 복합적 기능 공간을 이루고 있었다. 한편 궁궐은 개경에 준하였다는 문헌 기록에 근거하여 개경 궁궐도와 중첩한 결과, 승평문-선경전에 이르는 건축물의 중심축이 김상용 순절비각-고려궁지와 일치하였다. 따라서 강도의 궁궐은 기본적으로 개경과 동일한 건축물 배치 구조를 이루고 있었다고 본다. 하지만 내전과 부속 건물 등은 강화의 지형 조건을 감안하여 배치되었을 것이며, 이는 관청리 '궁골' 일대로 추정된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.38-55
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• 2021

태봉 철원도성은 현실적 접근의 어려움으로 인해 조사와 연구에 제약이 있다. 따라서 현재 고고학계에서 이용되고 있는 고지형분석 방법론의 적용과 해석을 통해 도성의 구조와 내부 공간 구획의 여러 모습을 파악하였다. 태봉 철원도성은 외성의 북쪽 구릉지성 지형에서 시작하여 남서방향으로 흘러 내려온 다섯 줄기의 평탄한 구릉지형을 이용하여 축조하였다. 내·외성벽은 각 구릉의 능선 줄기를 중심으로, 궁성벽은 그러한 능선 줄기의 중심 구릉지에 축조하였다. 각 성벽에는 여러 방향의 성문과 문지 등이 확인되는데, 도성 내부 건물의 방향과 지형 형태에 맞추어 설치한 것으로 파악된다. 도성 내 궁성은 평면 사다리꼴의 형태이며, 그 내부에는 궁전지와 관련 건물지 그리고 배수관련 지형 등이 확인된다. 궁전의 동서방향으로는 추정 도로와 함께 성문의 위치도 확인되었다. 궁성과 내성의 공간은 각각의 구릉 지형에 맞추어 평탄대지를 조성하고 건물지를 배치하였다. 내성의 남쪽에는 연못지로 추정되는 저수지가 궁성에서 내성의 중심을 잇는 수직 선상에 자리하는 모습이다. 내성과 외성 사이에는 건물지 흔적은 잘 관찰되지 않지만 평탄한 대지 지형의 존재로 그 가능성을 파악할 수 있다. 태봉 철원도성의 전체적인 구조는 북동 방향으로 약 9도 치우쳐 평면 장방형의 형태를 띠고 있다. 구릉성 지형의 형태를 따라 설계하였던 것으로 보이며, 남서벽의 꺽임 현상 또한 습지성 지형을 회피를 의도한 것으로 파악된다. 아직 도성 내부의 건물지 기능과 성격이 불명확하여 이를 바탕으로 한 공간 활용의 모습도 분명치 않다. 하지만 내성은 궁전과 함께 관아 건물지로서의 이용 공간으로서, 외성과 내성 사이 공간은 일반민의 생활 공간으로서 구분되었을 것으로 추정된다. 방리제로서의 구획 흔적도 구릉성 지형의 존재로 인해 그 가능성은 낮아 보이지만, 일부 지형은 평탄한 지대가 넓게 확인되고 있어 정연한 공간 구획의 모습을 배제할 수는 없다. 각 성벽의 축조 선후 시기나 방식 등도 아직 명확치 않지만, 적어도 지형을 이용한 도성의 축조와 내부 공간 구조의 활용을 이해할 수 있다.