• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.137-163
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• 2013

This research will incorporate cases from U.S public schools to analyze the factors which influences the security within the school and efficient security patterns to suggest an adequate suggestion to elevate domestic school security system. This study is divided into two following models: a serious criminal offense model, which considers crimes occurred on campus as subordinate variables, and a school violence model, which considers as subordinate variables after limiting an act of delinquency and an a group action that can harm the safety of students, although they are not included in the categories of crimes. First, from analyzing the factors which influences security within school, the explanation power of serious crime offense safety model and school violence safety model is measured 12% and 11.3%. In serious crime offense safety model, the safety education for students, among the safety programs provided by schools(t=2.548, p=0.011), parent participation to school management(t=10.694, p=0.000), Security activities on campus(t=3.643, p=0.000), and CPTED activity(t=6.467, p=0.000) are statistically significant, as affecting factors on the safety from serious crimes. Similarly in school violence model, the safety education for students, among the safety programs provided by schools(t=3.228, p=0.001), parent participation to school management(t=12.034, p=0.000), security activities on campus(t=2.663, p=0.000), and CPTED activity(t=3.928, p=0.000) are statistically significant, as affecting factors on the safety from school violence. Second, according to the analytic results on figuring out the optimal pattern to heighten the security activities, the serious offence model's explanatory power was 4.4% and school violence safety model rated 3.9%. With the serious offense safety model, the activity factors which showed statistically significant in influencing safety from serious offenses were cooperation with local police force (t=2112, p=0.035), school policy management (t=3.309, p=0.001), security patrolling activity (t=2.548, p=0.011). In the school violence model, security activities initiated by the school which showed statistically significant from serious offenses were cooperation with local police force (t=2.364, p=0.018) and policy management (t=4.142, p=0.000). In accordance with the result of this study, education for students rather than education for teachers is more positive in terms of the safety on campus, and parent participation, like education, is consistently needed for the safety on campus. In case of CPTED activity, reinforcing plans should be prepared by intactly accepting examples in the USA. In case of security activity, plans that can increase visibility and reinforce cooperation with local police in a smooth way will provide a positive effect to the safety on campus.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Fifty-four dogs with otitis externa were enrolled in the study for the Evaluation of efficacy of a Hydrocortisone aceponate - Gentamicin - Miconazole otic combination ($Easotic^{(R)}$, Virbac, Carros, France). Otitis externa patients were treated by $Easotic^{(R)}$ once daily for 5 days and 2 days off treatment and evaluated on $7^{th}$ day. If otitis externa persisted, additional $Easotic^{(R)}$ treatment was administered once daily for 5 days and rested 2 days and reevaluated on $14^{th}$ day. For the evaluation of efficacy of $Easotic^{(R)}$, eight clinical signs were scored on a severity scale and infectious agents from ear sample were also graded using semi-quantitative scale at each visit. Sum of clinical scores and cytological scores was defined as Global Clinical Score. When $Easotic^{(R)}$ was applied once daily for 5 days, global clinical score was reduced 76.0%. When $Easotic^{(R)}$ was administered for 10 days, during first 5 days administration, 46.6% reduction of global clinical score was detected. During additional 5 days administration, 82.2% reduction of global clinical score was observed compared with Day 0. Any relevant adverse effect was not reported during the study in all cases. Thus, $Easotic^{(R)}$ treatment once daily for 5 days and 10 days appears to be effective and safe treatment for canine otitis externa.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2011

The objective of the present study was to determine the progesterone levels that effects on the pulsatile and surge modes of FSH secretion. In previous studies we have shown that LH surge occurred in the follicular levels of progesterone, whereas there was no surge mode secretion of LH in either the sub luteal or luteal levels of progesterone. LH pulsatile frequencies were high in two groups such as follicular level and sub luteal level. But in the luteal level of progesterone the pulsatile pattern of LH were strongly suppressed. Namely, sub luteal levels of progesterone, around 1 ng/ml, completely suppressed the LH surge but did not affect the pulsatile frequency of LH secretion. Because of this we hypothesized that the two secretory patterns of FSH are similar to that of LH. Long-term ovariectomized Shiba goats that had received implants of estradiol capsules and three different progesterone silastic packet inducing follicular, subluteal and luteal levels of progesterone were divided into three groups such as non-P, low-P and high-P group. Blood samples were collected daily throughout the experiment for the analysis of gonadal steroid hormone levels and at 10-min intervals for 8 h on Days 0, 3, and 7 (Day 0: just before progesterone treatment) for analysis of the pulsatile frequency of FSH secretion. Then estradiol was infused into the jugular vein of all animals at a rate of 3 ${\mu}/h$ for 16 h on Day 8 to determine whether an FSH surge was induced. Blood samples were collected every 2 h from 4 h before the start of the estradiol infusion until 48 h after the start of the infusion. In each group, the mean ${\pm}$ SEM concentration after progesterone implant treatment was 3.3 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ng/ml for the high P group, 1.1 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ng/ml for the low P group, and < 0.1 ng/ml for the non-P group, concentrations similar to the luteal levels, subluteal levels, and follicular phase levels of the normal estrous cycle, respectively. The FSH pulse frequency was maintained highly in all groups on Day 0, Day 3 and Day 7. An FSH surge was induced in all 4 cases of the Non-P group. In the High P and Low P groups, the plasma concentrations of FSH remained low until 48 h after the start of estradiol infusion, and no occurrence of FSH surge was found in any of the animals. The results of this study not only confirm that the pulsatile patterns of FSH were not inhibited strongly relative to LH, they also suggest that some other mechanism and factor may be controlling the FSH secretion.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1993

An epidemiological study of Metogonimus infection was undertaken along the upper reaches of the Nmhn River, with special consideration on the species (type) of the worms collected from humans. Eggs of Metogonimus spp. were detected from 15 (9.7%) of 154 people examined in Umsong-gun, and from each Infected person (5 cases) 6.015- 24,060 worms (mean 13,2331 were recovered after treatment with praziquantel (10 mg/kg). Eggs were also detected from 37 (48.1% of 77 people In Yongwol-gun, from whom (27 casesl 1-4,965 worms (mean 1,2151 were collected. The worm from Umsong-gun consisted of both Metagonimus Miyata type and Metagonimus takohashii, whereas those from Yongwol-gun consisted of only Metqsonimus Miyata type. When the uterine eggs of the two kinds and M. yokogawoi (obtained from people In Tamjin River basin) were morphologically compared, it was suggested that the egg size should be a good Indicator for discrlmination of the species or type. The source of human Infection was proved to be fresh water fleshes: 49 of 52 Znsco plntvpus examined, 6 of 8 Hemibcrbus loniroskis, 13 of 15 Pseunogobio esuinl:, 4 of 6 Odontobutis obscura intemfptn, and 17 of 18 Corqssiw carassiw were found Infected with Metosonimw metacercariae. From the results, it is concluded that the upper reaches of the Namhan River are endemic foci of Metogonimn Miyata type and M. takahashii.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2009

Purpose: Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in young children. Although intussusceptions are easily treated, some intussusceptions with or without a pathologic lead point (PLP) often recur. In this study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and prognosis of recurrent intussusceptions (RI), the frequency of the PLP, and correlation between RI with PLP. Methods: The medical records of 144 patients, among 590 patients with intussusceptions who had been admitted to the Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery of Dankook University Hospital between May 1994 and June 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: The overall recurrence rate of intussusceptions in this study was 9.2%. The mean interval between the initial occurrence and the first recurrent attack was 130${\pm}$175 days (range, 12 hours to 3 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rate among patients who underwent air, barium, and manual reduction (p=0.131). Eighty-seven cases (92.6%) of RI had a successful reduction by the use of non-operative techniques. A PLP was present in 18 patients (3.0%). The most common PLP was intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia, followed by Meckel's diverticulum, duplication cyst, intestinal polyp, and adenomyoma. The mean number of intussusceptions was 4.7${\pm}$1.9 in 7 patients with PLP, which was significantly higher than (2.4${\pm}$0.9) patients without a PLP (p=0.023). The mean duration of recurrences was 17.4${\pm}$19.8 months (range, 2 days to 72 months). Conclusion: A careful search for a PLP should be performed to prevent recurrence of intussusception, especially when intussusception has recurred more than three times.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.404-415
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• 1978

The present study was carried out to develop the better measures for safety of open heart surgery under extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with Heart-Lung-Machine by preventing changes in the concentrations of serum electrolytes during and after ECC. For this purpose, the cocentrations of serum electrolytes were measured before, during, and after ECC in 21 patients with congenital and acquired heart diseases who received open heart surger, - under ECC using Heart-Lung-Machine. Also considered was the development of safety measured by which changes in serum electrolyte concentrations were prevented during and after open heart surgery under ECC. The mean values for serum sodium levels were observed to be ; $13.14{\pm}0.47$mEq./L. for the samples obtained before ECC. $139.59{\pm}0.68$mEq./L. for the samples obtained 10 minutes after ECC and $138.0{\pm}0.68$mEq./L. for the samples obt"ined 24 hours after ECC. These results indicate that serum sodium concentrations were \\'ithin normal range during and until 24 hours after ECC. 2) The concentrations of serum chloride were found to be $105.38{\pm}0.70$105.38$\pm$0. 70 mEq./L. for the samples collected before ECC, $105.07{\pm}1.01$mEq./L. for the Simples collected 24 minutes aiter ECC and $101.95{\pm}1.09$mEq./L. for the samples collectect 24 hours afte ECC. As was tile case with serum sodium levels, no significant changes were observed in serum chloride levels during and 24 hours after ECC. 3)With proper provisions of potassium chloride solution during ECC, the concentrations of serum potassium were found to be $4.22{\pm}0.06$mEq./L. for the samples removed before EeC, $4.06{\pm}0.14$mEq./L. for the samples removed 10 minutes after ECC and $4.39{\pm}0.07$ mEq./L. for the samples removed 24 hours after ECC. 4)The concentrations of serum calcium were also maintained within normal during and after ECC; $9.15{\pm}0.14$mg/dl for the serum collected before ECC, $8.36{\pm}0.21$mg/dI for the serum collected 10 minutes after ECC and $8.47{\pm}0.14$mg/dl 21 hours after ECC. The maintenance of serum calcium level within normal throughout ECC was achieved by parenteral administrations of calcium gluconate as frequent as required. 5) As were the cases with serum potassium and calcium, the concentrations of plasma bicarbonate was regulated within normal range during and after ECC, only when sodium bicarbonate solution was admini"tered parenterally as it was required; $23.7{\pm}0.50$mEq./L. for the serum collected before ECC. $22.33{\pm}1.09$mEq.lL. for the serum collected 10 minutes after ECC and $25.3{\pm}0.96$mEq./L. for the serum collected 24 hours after ECC. The above results indicate tha t during and after ECC serum sodium and chloride levels remined unchanged without any provision of normal saline, while serum potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate concentrations were kept within normal limits only when these ealectrolytes were administered through parenteral routes. With these results it can be concluded that serum potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate levels should be determined as often as possible during and after ECC and that in order to maintain serum electrolyte levels within normal these electrolytes in the forms of potassium chloride, calcium gluconate, and sodium bicarbonate shou'd be given parenterally as they were found to be required.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to obtain the fundamental data for health assessment of cultured fishes. A series of hematological studies and blood chemistries were made on cultured israeli carps from May, 1988 to May, 1989. The results of this study were as followings : 1. The blood constituents of healthy carps were Hct $32{\pm}3.4%$, Hb $8.3{\pm}0.9g/l$, RBCs $132{\pm}27.6({\times}10^4cm^3)$), Total protein $2.7{\pm}0.7g/dl$, GOT $143{\pm}19.5U$, GPT $50{\pm}14.2U$, Total glucose $70{\pm}12.6mg/dl$ and BUN $7.5{\pm}1.9mg/dl$, etc. 2. The blood constituents by change of water temperature with the control of $23^{\circ}C$ showed the decrease in Hct and RBCs at $18^{\circ}C$, and the increase in Hct, RBCs and glucose at $28^{\circ}C$. 3. The blood constituents by change of dissolved oxigen with the control of 4.5ppm showed the increase in Hct and RBCs at 3ppm, and the decrease in Hct and RBCs at 7ppm. 4. In the case of intramuscular injection of Streptococcus sp. with $10^6cells$/fish infection dose, there showed marked decrease in Hct, RBCs, glucose and BUN with inflammatory reaction, and the fishes were recovered in 16 days. 5. In the case on intraperitoneal injection of Streptococcus sp. with $10^4cells$/fish infection dose, there showed decrease in Hct, RBCs and BUN with inflammatory reaction, but there were no dead cases. 6. In the case of intramuscular injection of Edwardsilla tarda with $1.2{\times}10^8cells$/fish infection dose, there showed decrease in Hct and RBCs, and increase in TCHO, GOT, GPT and BUN with marked inflammatory reaction, and 60% of inoculated fishes were died within 3 or 4 days.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2002

Objective : To test if the intake of $H_2$ receptor antagonists ($H_2$-RAs) increases the risk of gastric cancer in the elderly. Methods : The source population for this study was drawn from the responders to a questionnaire survey administered to the Korea Elderly Pharmacoepidemiological Cohort (KEPEC), who were beneficiaries of the Korean Medical Insurance Corporation, were at least 65 years old, and residing in Busan in 1999. The information on $H_2$-RAs exposure was obtained from a drug prescription database compiled between inn. 1993 and Dec. 1994. The cases consisted of 76 gastric cancer patients, as confirmed from the KMIC claims data, the National Cancer Registry and the Busan Cancer Registry. The follow-up period was from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1998. Cancer free controls were randomly selected by 1:4 individual matching, which took in to consideration the year of birth and gender. Information on confounders was collected by a mail questionnaire survey. The odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using a conditional logistic regression model. Results : After adjusting for a history of gastric ulcer symptoms, medication history, and body mass index, the adjusted OR (aOR) was 4.6 (95% CI=1.72-12.49). The odds ratio of long term use (more than 7 days) was 2.3 (95% CI=1.07-4.82). The odds ratio of short term use was 4.6 (95% CI=1.26-16.50). The odds ratio of parenteral use was 4.4 195% CI=1.16-17.05) and combination use between the oral and parenteral routes (aOR, 16.8; 95% CI=1.21-233.24) had the high risk of gastric cancer. The aOR of cimetidine was 1.7 (95% CI=1.04-2.95). The aOR of ranitidine was 2.0 (95% CI=1.21-3.40). The aOR of famotidine was 1.7 (95% CI=0.98-2.80). Conclusion : The intake of $H_2$-RAs might increase the risk of gastric cancer through achlorhydria in the elderly.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.1 s.49
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• pp.43-57
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• 1995

In order to study the effect of welding fume exposure upon the pulmonary function test, we examined 131 shielded arc welding workers, and 152 $CO_2$ arc welding workers as cases and 177 control workers for their general characteristics, and forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second $(FEV_{1.0})$, forced expiratory volume in one second as a percent of FVC $(FEV_{1.0}%)$, and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMF) were obtained from the spirogram. In shielded arc welding group and $CO_2$ arc welding group, FVC, $FEV_{1.0},\;FEV_{1.0}%$, and MMF were significantly decreased than control group, especially marked in the MMF finding. The distribution of workers below normal range was as follows. in the shielded arc welding group, 2 workers(1.5%) for FVC, 17 workers(13.0%) for $FEV_{1.0}$, 5 workers(3.8%) for $FEV_{1.0}%$, 28 workers(21.4%) for MMF, and in the $CO_2$ arc welding group, 3 workers(2.0%) for FVC, 25 workers(16.4%) for $FEV_{1.0}$, 8 workers(5.3%) for $FEV_{1.0}%$, and 37 workers(24.3%) for MMF, and significant increase by exposure duration was found in MMF. The distribution of workers who had ventilation impairment was as follows: 5 workers(3.8%) for obstructive type, 2 workers(1.5%) for restrictive type in the shielded arc welding group, and 7 workers(4.6%) for obstructive type, 2 workers(1.3%) for restrictive type, and 1 worker(0.6%) was combined type of the $CO_2$ arc welding group. In the respect of these results, the significant pulmonary function and ventilatory impairment were observed in welding fume exposed workers who had not abnormal finding in chest X-ray, and MMF considered as the most sensitive pulmonary function index by welding fume exposure. Therefore even if it is hard to doing pulmonary function test in the first health examination of workers according to the Industrial Safety Health Act in the welding fume exposure workers, it is desirable to consider doing PFT. Also evaluating the ventilation impairment, it is necessary, to observe the change of MMF that marker of effort-independent portion.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2008

Purpose : Several studies have reported the recent increase in the incidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN). The objective of this study is to see changes of clinical findings/manifwstation in children with APSGN. Methods : Medical records of 63 children who were diagnosed with APSGN in the deparment of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, between January 1992 and December 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. We analyzed various clinical characteristics such as age, sex, degrees of proteinuria, degrees of hematuria, and presence or absence of histories of systemic antibiotic use in children with APSGN, and compared the children with APSGN who were diagnosed between 1992 and 2000 to those who were diagnosed between 2001 and 2006. Results : Age of the patients ranged from 2-14 years(median 7.11 years) at the time of disease onset. Study patients consisted of 41 boys and 22 girls. APSGN followed infection of the throat in 87% of cases. Patient developed an acute nephritic syndrome 12 days after an antecedent streptococcal pharyngitis. Forty patients presented with gross hematuria. Fortyone patients had hypertension at the time of diagnosis. Hypertension disappeared within 7.8$\pm$8.2 days, gross hematuria within 11.3$\pm$17.2 days and microscopic hematuria within 3.5$\pm$3.9 months from the disease onset. Patients in 2001-2006 had significantly higher increase of antistreptolysin O(ASO) titer. However, no significant differences in clinical characteristics were observed. Age, sex, severity of proteinuria, gross or microscopic hematuria, antibiotic therapy did not affect the clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis. In other words, hypertension, duration of hematuria, recovery of serum C3 level are not different between the two time periods. Conclusion : Our data indicates that patients in 2001-2006 had significantly higher level of ASO titer. However, they did not show significant clinical differences. To evaluate the causes of the resurgence of APSGN, a national epidemic is needed.