• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

목적 : 백자인에서 추출된 Carvacrol이 혈소판 활성화와 혈액 응고에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : Carvacrol의 항혈소판 효과의 기제를 밝히기 위해 토끼 혈소판으로 Arachidonic Acid 유리，TXB2, PGD2, 12-HETE의생성을 방사선 크로마토그래피 분석을 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 1. U46619를 제외하고 Collagen과 AA에 의해 유발된 응고는 Carvacrol 농도에 따라 억제되었다. 2. Collagen으로 인하여 자극된 AA 유리에 대한 Carvacrol의 유의한 억제 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 3. AA로 유발된 TXB2, PGD2와 12-HETE의 생성억제에 대한 실험에서 Carvacrol은 유의한 억제가 있는 것으로 나타났으며，농도의존적으로 억제되었다. 결론 : Carvacrol은 항혈소판 작용이 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이는 한의학에서 활혈거어 작용으로 해석될수 있으며，타박상，윌경곤란증，탈모증 등 어혈질환의 예방 및 치료와 관련된 약침개발에 기초가 될수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2006

Antifungal activities of 43 different plant oils were evaluated against different phytopathogenic fungi. Thyme oil showed highest antifungal activity among the tested oils. The major of thyme oil were found to be thymol, carvacrol, bomeol, p-cymene and linalool. Thymol and carvacrol were found to be responsible for thyme's antifungal activity. The spore germination assay was conducted on Alternaria mail and Botrytis cinerea. Thymol and carvacrol strongly inhibited spore germination in the fungi test. In addition, thymol and carvacrol showed a curative effectiveness to gray mold disease on cucumber crop. The antifungal activities of alkylphenol and alkylaniline compounds, which has similar molecular structure to that of thymol or cavacrol, were also tested. It was found that alkylphenol compounds also show higher inhibition to spore germination. Thus, thymol, carvacrol and alkylphenol compounds can be used an potent antifungal agents.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of carvacrol against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria and its cytotoxicity in human oral tissue cells. We tested their antibacterial properties against mutans streptococci and five major periodontopathic bacterial species involved in periodontal disease. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The cell viability of carvacrol on normal human gingival fibroblast (NHGF) cells was tested by metyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The data showed that carvacrol had remarkable antimicrobial effect on tested bacteria with a MIC and MBC values ranged from 16 to $128{\mu}g/ml$ and from 32 to $128{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In cell toxicity studies, carvacrol had significantly decreased cell viability when NHGF cells were treated at $128{\mu}g/ml$. These findings suggest that carvacrol has a strong antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. However, in order to use it as a component of gargling solution or toothpaste, its concentration should be below $64{\mu}g/ml$ and other compounds having an antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria should be used together.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.363-370
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• 2017

In this study, we stored frozen shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at $4^{\circ}C$ during 12 days and investigated the effect of chitosan coating with natural preservatives (0.05% carvacrol, 0.05% thymol) on the growth of microorganism (mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., $H_2S$ producing bacteria) and physiological characteristics (total volatile basic nitrogen and pH) and sensory evaluation (appearance, odor and general acceptance). Chitosan coating with natural antimicrobial compounds (0.05% carvacrol and 0.05% thymol) had inhibited the growth of all the target microorganism and showed the significant antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05) to mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria and $H_2S$ producing bacteria until 12 day (the last day of this study). These treated groups had showed the significant difference (p < 0.05) in total volatile basic nitrogen and all the sensory characteristics but not in pH. Therefore, chitosan coating combined with natural antimicrobial compounds (0.05% carvacrol and 0.05% thymol) showed the effective antimicrobial activity on major spoilage microorganism on shrimp and could be used to elongate the shelf life of refrigerated shrimp.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.425-427
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• 2005

The steam distillate obtained from Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai sawdust was fractionated by centrifugal thin-film evaporation, and the fractions were then investigated for antiplatelet activity using washed rabbit platelets. The biologically active constituent of T. dolabrata var. hondai sawdust was isolated by silica gel column and HPLC chromatographies and characterized as carvacrol by various spectral analyses. Carvacrol inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, arachidonic acid, and platelet activating factor with IC$_{50}$ values of 12.6, 2.5, and 385.3 $\mu$M, respectively. However, carvacrol had no effect on thrombin, calcium ionophore A23l87, or phorbol l2-myristate l3-acetate induced platelet aggregation. Carvacrol was a much more potent inhibitor, as antiplatelet agents, compared with aspirin. These results suggest that carvacrol isolated from T. dolabrata var. hondai sawdust may be useful as a lead compound for inhibiting arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.449-455
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate antimicrobial effects of organic acid and some natural occurring antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various origins (vegetables, peanut, pea leaf, kim-bab, person, perilla leaf, and animal) and to calculate their MIC and MBC values. Five organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric, malic, and propionic acid), three essential oils (carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol), and two other natural antimicrobials (nisin and cinnamic acid) were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects against 113 strains of S. aureus using combination treatments. Propionic acid (7%), nisin (1%), thymol (1%), carvacrol (1%) showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus strains in agar disc diffusion test. And, carvacrol, thymol, and nisin were found to be the most effective with the lowest MIC values of 0.0313%, 0.0625%, and 0.0625% against S.aureus, respectively. Propionic acid (0.2313%) and citric acid (0.6000%) were the most effective among organic acids tested. Therefore, these five antimicrobials were selected for next combination treatments. Combination of propionic acid and citric acid were showed the strongest inhibitory effectiveness against S. aureus among combination treatments. These results suggest that organic acid such as propionic and citric acid, and natural occurring antimicrobial such as nisin, carvacrol, and thymol might be possibly used as preservatives for inhibiting S. aureus in foods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: The commercial biopesticides containing Chenopodium ambrosioides L. extracts which have been registered as one of the ingredients of the commercial biopesticide by the organic agriculture materials, and have been widely used in Republic of Korea. However, the quantitative analysis method of the active substances for the commercial biopesticides containing C. ambrosioides L. extract has not been conducted.METHODS AND RESULTS: To analyze the quantitative analysis of ascaridole, carvacrol, and p-cymene as active substances of C. ambrosioides L. extract, hydrophilic lipophilic balance cartridge was used for solid phase extraction. The active substances were analyzed by the gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The limit of quantitation values of ascaridole, carvacrol, and p-cymene were 10, 5, and 2 mg/L, and the recovery rates were 96.3, 84.0, and 82.5% in liquid products and 98.3, 99.1, and 97.3% in solid products, respectively. The total content of ascaridole, carvacrol, and p-cymene in the commercial biopesticides was ranged from 0.08 to 12.75%.CONCLUSION: From these results, this method was suitable for the quantitative analysis of the active substances of commercial biopesticides containing C. ambrosioides L. extract.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4949-4954
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• 2015

The present study was planned to investigate the role of sex hormone receptor gene expression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adult male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Group (1) was negative control. Groups (2), (5), (6), and (7) were orally administered with N-nitrosodiethylamine for the induction of HCC, then group (2) was left untreated, group (5) was orally treated with curcumin, group (6) was orally treated with carvacrol, and group (7) was intraperitoneally injected with doxorubicin, whereas groups (3) and (4) were orally administered only curcumin and carvacrol, respectively. The HCC group showed significant upregulation in the androgen receptor (AR) and the estrogen receptor-alpha ($ER{\alpha}$) gene expression levels in the liver tissue. On the contrary, HCC groups treated with either curcumin or carvacrol showed significant downregulation in AR and $ER{\alpha}$ gene expression levels in the liver tissue. In conclusion, the obtained data highlight that both AR and $ER{\alpha}$ but not estrogen receptor-beta ($ER{\beta}$) gene expression may contribute to the male prevalence of HCC induced in male rats. Interestingly, both curcumin and carvacrol were found to have a promising potency in alleviating the male predominating HCC.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 2018

Objectives: The hepatotoxicity induced by Acetaminophen (AAP) mostly mediated by effect on oxidative stress parameters. The Zataria multiflora (Z.M) is an herbal medicine with well-known antioxidant effect. The aim of this study is investigation of preventive effects of Z.M and Carvacrol (CAR) on AAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups including: 1) Control, 2) Acetaminophen (AAP), 3) and 4) CAR. The saline, Z.M (200 mg/kg) and CAR (20 mg/kg) were administrated orally for 6 days, after that AAP (600 mg/kg) was administrated in the $7^{th}$ day. Blood sampling was performed on the first and last days. Also, the liver tissue was removed for evaluation of Malondyaldehide (MDA), Thiol content, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT). Total Protein (tPro), Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in liver tissue were evaluated. The changes (${\Delta}$) of enzymes activities were presented. Results: The ${\Delta}GOT$, ${\Delta}GPT$ and ${\Delta}ALP$ in CAR group significantly decreased compared to AAP group (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) and ${\Delta}GPT$ in Z.M group was significantly reduced in comparison with AAP group (P < 0.05). Also, MDA, Thiol, SOD and CAT levels in treated groups were attenuated compared to AAP group (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Conclusion: Z.M and CAR have a powerful hepatoprotective effect. CAR is more effective than Z.M. Based on the results. Z.M and CAR could be potent supplementary agents against hepatotoxicity of AAP in patients.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.145-155
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• 2015

The pathogenecity of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida was studied in healthy Oreochromis niloticus. Inoculum at concentration of $1.5{\times}10^8CFU/ml$ and $3{\times}10^8CFU/ml$ was injected into healthy fish through intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections. Experimentally infected Oreochromis niloticus showed ulceration at the dorsal musculature and trunk region in addition to black coloration, congested gills, exophthalmia, and ocular hemorrhage. Congested liver and kidney were recorded in post-mortem examination. Mortality of the experimentally infected Oreochromis niloticus reached 100% after intramuscular injection at concentration of $3{\times}10^8CFU/ml$. Histopathological investigation of infected organs was also performed. There was a focal area of bundles of skeletal musculature showing hyalinization. In addition, hyperplasia, congestion, and fusion were noticed in the gill lamellae. There was also congestion in the blood vessels in the ocular chamber. Severe congestion was also noticed in the central vein of liver associated with focal aggregation of the melanin pigmented cells in the parenchyma. Degenerative changes were noticed in the epithelial cells lining of kidney tubules. Plant extracts carvacrol and its biological precursor cymene were found to be effective in treating experimentally infected Oreochromis niloticus at concentration of 100 or 200 ppm.