• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.404-415
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• 1998

Background: Sleep apnea syndrome, which occurs in 1~4 % of the adult population, frequently has different cardiovascular complications such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrythmia as well as sleep-wake disorder such as excessive daytime hypersomnolence or insomnia. Mortality and vascular morbidity are reported to be significantly higher in sleep apnea syndrome patients than in normal population. According to the recent studies, autonomic dysfunction as well as hypoxemia, hypercapneic acidosis, and increased respiratory effort, may playa role in the high prevalence of cardiovascular complications in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. However the cause and mechanism of autonomic neuropathy in patients with sleep apnea syndrome are not well understood. We studied the existence of autonomic neuropathy in patients with sleep apnea syndrome and factors which influence the pathogenesis of autonomic neuropathy. Method: We used the cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy(CAN) test as a method for evaluation of autonomic neuropathy. The subjects of this study were 20 patients who diagnosed sleep apnea syndrome by polysomnography and 15 persons who were normal by polysomnography. Results: Body mass index and resting systolic blood pressure were higher in sleep apnea group than control group. Apnea index(Al), respiratory disturbance index(RDI) and snoring time percentage were significantly higher in sleep apnea group compared with control group. But there were no significant differences in saturation of oxygen and sleep efficiency in two groups. In the cardiac autonomic neuropathy test, the valsalva ratio was significantly low in sleep apnea group compared with control group but other tests had no differences between two groups. The CAN scores and corrected QT(QTc) interval were calculated significantly higher in sleep apnea group, but there were no significant correlations between CAN scores and QTc interval. There were no significant data of polysomnography to correlate to the CAN score. It meant that the autonomic neuropathy in patients with sleep apnea was affected by other multiple factors. Conclusion: The cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy test was a useful method for the evaluation of autonomic neuropathy in patients with sleep apnea syndrome and abnormalities of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy were observed in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. However, we failed to define the factors that influence the pathogenesis of autonomic neuropathy of sleep apnea syndrome. This study warrants futher investigations in order to define the pathogenesis of autonomic neuropathy in patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 2018

Background: The question of which type of prosthetic aortic valve leads to the best outcomes in patients in their 60s remains controversial. We examined the hemodynamic and clinical outcomes of aortic valve replacement in sexagenarians according to the type of prosthesis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 270 patients in their 60s who underwent first-time aortic valve replacement from 1995 to 2011. Early and late mortality, major adverse valve-related events, anticoagulation-related events, and hemodynamic outcomes were assessed. The mean follow-up duration was $58.7{\pm}44.0$ months. Results: Of the 270 patients, 93 had a mechanical prosthesis (mechanical group), and 177 had a bioprosthesis (tissue group). The tissue group had a higher mean age and prevalence of preoperative stroke than the mechanical group. The groups had no differences in the aortic valve mean pressure gradient (AVMPG) or the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) at 5 years after surgery. In a sub-analysis limited to prostheses in the supra-annular position, the AVMPG was higher in the tissue group, but the LVMI was still not significantly different. There was no early mortality. The 10-year survival rate was 83% in the mechanical group and 90% in the tissue group. The type of aortic prosthesis did not influence overall mortality, cardiac mortality, or major adverse valve-related events. Anticoagulation-related events were more common in the mechanical group than in the tissue group (p=0.034; hazard ratio, 4.100; 95% confidence interval, 1.111-15.132). Conclusion: The type of aortic prosthesis was not associated with hemodynamic or clinical outcomes, except for anticoagulation-related events.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1279-1285
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of green tea or coffee consumption on the serum lipids profiles. This study analyzed data of 1,343 participants (753 males and 590 females) among the people who underwent medical check-up. The subjects were divided by three groups as pattern of green tea or coffee consumption. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical analysis and nutrient intake using a food frequency questionnaire were performed. There were no significant differences among groups in height, % body fat, waist circumference, and body mass index. There was no significant difference among groups in energy intake. Fat intake was significantly higher in green tea and coffee group than the control group in men subjects. The intakes of dietary Fe, vitamin A, $\beta$-carotene, and folate was the lowest in coffee group (p<0.05). The intakes of dietary fat was the highest in coffee group in male subjects (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were green tea< control< coffee group in order by multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in green tea group than coffee group by multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol between green tea and control group. These results suggest that green tea consumption didn't show positive effects in preventing hyperlipidemia but coffee consumption showed negative effects in hyperlipidemia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2016

Although the antioxidant and cardioprotective effects of NecroX-5 on various in vitro and in vivo models have been demonstrated, the action of this compound on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system remains unclear. Here we verify the role of NecroX-5 in protecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity during hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR). Necrox-5 treatment ($10{\mu}M$) and non-treatment were employed on isolated rat hearts during hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment using an ex vivo Langendorff system. Proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and non-labeling peptide count protein quantification. Real-time PCR, western blot, citrate synthases and mitochondrial complex activity assays were then performed to assess heart function. Treatment with NecroX-5 during hypoxia significantly preserved electron transport chain proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic functions. NecroX-5 also improved mitochondrial complex I, II, and V function. Additionally, markedly higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-$1{\alpha}$ ($PGC1{\alpha}$) expression levels were observed in NecroX-5-treated rat hearts. These novel results provide convincing evidence for the role of NecroX-5 in protecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity and in preserving $PGC1{\alpha}$ during cardiac HR injuries.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.104-108
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• 2009

Global cerebral ischemia occurs commonly in patients who have a variety of clinical conditions including cardiac arrest and shock. Cerebral ischemia results in a rapid depletion of energy stores that triggers resulting in excitotoxic death. Imaging studies of the brain with computed tomography(CT) or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) are necessary to confirm the clinical neurolocalization, identify any associated mass effect, and rule out other causes of focal brain disorders. Cardiopulmonary arrest was occurred by propofol anesthesia in a 1 year old, intact female Beagle dog. After successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed within 5 minutes, clinical signs such as vocalization, paddling, opisthotonus and seizure were represented. At the 12th day, CT and MRI examinations of the brain were performed to evaluate the brain. After euthanasia, histopathologic examination was performed. On transverse image of CT, lesions appeared as a hypodense in the right dorsal surface of the frontal lobe and level of optic canal, and dorsomedial surface of occipital lobe of cerebrum. No contrast enhancement was represented following intravenous contrast administration. On MR images of brain, the lesions were seen as a hyperintense on T2-weighted(T2W) images and a isointense or mild hypointense on T1-weighted(T1W) images. Hyperintense lesions both T2W and T1W images were observed at the surrounding cerebral sulcus. There was no significant signal changes on contrast T1WI. Histopathologic examination after euthanasia revealed that the lesion was necrosis of the cerebral cortex caused by cerebral ischemia.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.253-257
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• 2014

Background Although the utility of flaps for the treatment of sternal wound infections following median sternotomy has been reported for 30 years, there have been few reports on the risk factors for complications after reconstruction. The objective of this investigation was to identify factors related to complications after the reconstruction of sternal wound infections. Methods A retrospective analysis of 74 patients with reconstructive surgery after sternal wound infection over a 5-year period was performed. Clinical data including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, bacterial culture, previous cardiac surgery, wound depth, mortality rate, type of reconstructive procedure, and complication rate were collected. Results The patients' BMI ranged from 15.2 to $33.6kg/m^2$ (mean, $23.1{\pm}3.74kg/m^2$). Wound closure complications after reconstructive surgery were observed in 36.5% of the cases. The mortality rate was 2.7%. Diabetes mellitus significantly affected the rate of wound closure complications (P=0.041). A significant difference in the number of complications was seen between Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (P=0.011). There was a correlation between harvesting of the internal thoracic artery and postoperative complications (P=0.048). The complication rates of the pectoralis major flap, rectus abdominis flap, omentum flap, a combination of pectoralis major flap and rectus abdominis flap, and direct closure were 23.3%, 33.3%, 100%, 37.5%, and 35.7%, respectively. Conclusions Diabetes mellitus, S. aureus, harvesting of the internal thoracic artery, and omentum flap were significant factors for complications after reconstruction. The omentum flap volume may be related to the complications associated with the omentum flap transfer in the present study.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.396-400
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• 2005

A 13-year old, female Maltese dog was presented due to a five-month history of episodic syncope. A diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with mitral valve endocardiosis (MVE) was made based on history takings, physical and cardiac examination, complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry profiles, radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), atropine response test, hormonal assay, and echocardiography. In this case, SSS was definitely diagnosed by evaluation of ECG recording following atropine administration. Clinical signs were improved with medical management of theophylline (THEOLAN, KunWha Pharm, Seoul, Korea, 20 mg/kg, PO, BID). After 10 more month survival, the dog, died of respiratory distress and shock during the operation of abdominal mass removal in local animal hospital. Unfortunately, we were not able to perform necropsy after death due to owner's decline. This case demonstrates that theophylline can be used in management oF dog with SSS.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1991

Infarct size is a major determinant of prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. Up to date, however, clinically available tests to estimate this size have not been sufficiently accurate. Twelve lead electrocardiogram and wall motion abnormality measurement are not quantitative, and creatine phophokinase (CPK) measurement is inaccurate in the presence of reperfusion or right ventricular infarction. Methods have been developed to localize and size acute myocardial infarcts with agents that are selectively sequestered in areas of myocardial damage, but previously used agents have lacked sufficient specificity. Antibodies that bind specifically only to damaged myocardial cells may resolve this problem and provide an accurate method for noninvasively measuring infarct size. We determined the accuracy with which infarcted myocardial mass can be measured using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and radiolabeled antimyosin antibodies. Seven patients with acute myocardial infarction and one stable angina patient were injected with 2 mCi of Indium-111 labeled antimyosin antibodies. Planar image and SPECT was performed 24 hours later. None of the patients had history of prior infarcts, and none had undergone reperfusion techniques prior to the study, which was done within 4 days of the attack. Planar image showed all infarct patients to have postive uptakes in the cardiac region. The location of this uptake correlated to the infarct site as indicated by electrocardiography in most of the cases. The angina patient, however, showed no such abnormal uptake. Infarct size was determined from transverse slices of the SPECT image using a 45% threshold value obtained from a phantom study. Measured infarct size ranged from 40 to 192 gr. There was significant correlation between the infarct size measured by SPECT and that estimated from serial measurements of CPK (r=0.73, p<0.05). These date suggest that acute myocardial infarct size can be accurately measured from SPECT Indium-111 antimyosin imaging. This method may be especially valuable in situations where other methods are unreliable, such as early reperfusion technique, right ventricular infarct or presence of prior infarcts.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.425-429
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• 2014

Two dogs were presented with a history of anorexia, respiratory distress, or epistaxis. On physical examination, the dogs showed difficulty breathing and open-mouth breathing and large masses were found on the hard palate and soft palate. Cardiac arrest happened in case 2 and the dog was stabilized with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and oxygen therapy. Computed tomography demonstrated that the mass occupied the oropharynx, intrapharyngeal ostium, and laryngopharynx including the hard palate and soft palate in case 1. Palliative surgery was decided to improve swallowing and breathing with owner's consent in two dogs. Buccal mucosal flaps were performed for reconstruction of defects using rotational and single-pedicle advancement flaps and bilateral 90 degree transposition flaps in cases 1 and 2, respectively. Histopathology results described the oral masses as amelanotic melanoma in two dogs. The owners reported that there was normal swallowing and breathing at 7 days postoperatively in two dogs. In case 1, recurrent tumor was identified caudal to the hard palate 4 weeks after surgery. The owner did not allow further treatment and the dog became lost to follow-up at 2 months postoperatively. In case 2, there was no clinical or radiographic evidence of a local recurrence or distant metastasis at 3 weeks after surgery. The owner informed that the dog died suddenly with no signs of anything particularly wrong at 7 weeks after surgery.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.431-445
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• 2000

In general the prevalence of old people is high and frequently have multiple diseases and symtoms requiring treatment. The nature of illness in the elderly has to be faced, and drugs do have an important part in the treatment of that illness. The purpose of this study were to describe health status and medication, and to provide some basic data for elderly's health education, especially for the right medication. Body mass index, self perceived health status, activities of daily living, disease and experience of past operation were surveyed to recognize the 249 elderly's actual health status. The degree of the elderly's understanding the way of medication, experience of side effects, experience of drug combination and incidence of drug adverse reaction along with drug combination were examined for medication. The aged $women(BMI; 10.7\pm13.3\%)$ overweighed the aged $men(BMI; 4.0\pm10.4\%)$. $69.0\%$ of them recognized their health good. Their activities of daily living were diminished following by the age group(p=0.0068) and relationship with self perceived health status were very significant(p=0.0005). They(192 elderly) suffered from multiple disease such as $osteoarthritis(49.5\%)$, $hypertension(32.0\%)$, gastric $disorder(16.1%)$, $diabetes(14.6\%)$, $osteomalacia(10.9\%)$, cardiovascular $disease(9.9\%)$, senile $cataract(5.7\%)$, skin $rash(5.2\%)$, liver $disease(4.2\%)$, kidney $disease(3.6\%)$, spinal cord $problem(3.6\%)$, respiratory $disease(2.1\%)$ $tuberculosis(1.0\%)\;etc(1.0\%).$ $28.3\%$ of them replied that they had an operation for appendictis senile cataract, peptic ulcer, spinal cord problem, pleurisy, hemorrhoid and the rest. Most of $them(87.4\%)$ knew the way very well how to use drugs, and $21.6\%$ of the replied 171 elderly experienced adverse drug reaction. Drug compliance rate were $high(83.6\%)$. In our study 56.9% of the 167 elderly took several medicine together. And $18.9\%$ of the 95 elderly who did drug combination had an experience of drug interaction. One person kept average 5.5 kinds of drugs at home among 243 elderly. They kept $digestives(79.4\%)$, $ointments(68.7\%)$, $vitamins(59.7\%)$, $analgesics(59.7\%)$, cold $medicines(45.3\%)$ antiarthritic $drugs(33.3\%)$, health $foods(27.7\%)$, antihypertensive $drugs(25.1\%)$, anti peptic ulcer $drugs(24.7\%)$, $laxatives(19.8\%)$, $antacids(16.5\%),\;antibiotics(l6.5\%)$, hypoglycemic $agents(10.3\%)$, cardiac $stimulants(7.0\%)$, $diuretics(4.5\%)$, antiarrhythmic $drugs(4.9\%)$, anti anginal $drugs(4.1\%)$, $hypnotics(3.3\%)$, $etc(38.3\%)$. With this result, we ascertain that polypharmacy in the elderly caused by multiple disease is common, which lead to drug interaction. So our task is to educate elderly how to use drugs in order to maximize their efficiency and to minimize their adverse effects.