• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.887-889
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• 2001

The gene encoding yeast pro-carboxypeptidase Y (pro-CPY) has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Most of the expressed pro-CPY was accumulated as cytoplasmic insoluble aggregates. In our previous study, active CPY was obtained by renaturation of entirely denatured pro-CPY followed by in vitro proteolytic processing with proteinase K along with the activation process. The same refolding process was performed to produce an active CPY from pro-CPY inclusion bodies with renaturation buffers containing proteinase K at different concentrations. The refolding efficiency decreased from $25\%\;to\;2\%$ in the renaturation buffers containing proteinase K at concentrations of $60{\mu}g/ml\;and\;0.6{\mu}g/mi$, respectively. In an attempt to increase the refolding efficiency with a lesser amount of proteinase K, a novel fed-batch refolding process was developed. In a fed-batch refolding, 99 ml of the renaturation buffer containing pro-CPY was gradually added into 1 ml of the renaturation buffer containing $60{\mu}g/ml$ of proteinase K to give a final proteinase K concentration of $0.6{\mu}g/ml$. The fed-batch refolding process resulted in a refolding efficiency of $18\%$, which corresponded to a 9-fold increase over that ($2\%$) in the batch process.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 1995

Carboxypeptidase Z(CPZ) cDNA of Absidia zychae was experssed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expressed CPZ(YCPZ) was secreted about 30 mg/l into the medium and has a little higher molecular weight than the wild type CPZ in SDS-PAGE. By the result of N-terminal amino acid sequencing, YCPZ has additional 15 amino acids residues in N-terminus of CPZ. But YCPZ shows no difference with CPZ in enzyme activity and substrate specificity. For the identification of processing mechanism of YCPZ, 36-Arg was changed to 36-Thr by site specific mutagenesis. Mutant YCPZ does not processed at 36-Thr. It was, therefore, concluded that the YCPZ was processed by KEX2. According to endo F treatment, high amount of carbohydrate was N-glycosylated in YCPZ.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1703-1706
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• 2004

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.945-952
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• 2020

Hypoxia induces the expression of several genes through the activation of a master transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. This study shows that hypoxia strongly induced the expression of two carboxypeptidases (CP), CPA4 and CPE, in an HIF-1α-dependent manner. The hypoxic induction of CPA4 and CPE gene was accompanied by the recruitment of HIF-1α and upregulation in the active histone modification, H3K4me3, at their promoter regions. The hypoxic responsiveness of CPA4 and CPE genes was observed in human adipocytes, human adipose-derived stem cells, and human primary fibroblasts but not mouse primary adipocyte progenitor cells. CPA4 and CPE have been identified as secreted exopeptidases that degrade and process other secreted proteins and matrix proteins. This finding suggests that hypoxia changes the microenvironment of the obese hypoxic adipose tissue by inducing the expression of not only adipokines but also peptidases such as CPA4 and CPE.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.3048-3054
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• 2012

The use of aspirin is widely recommended for the prevention of heart attacks owing to its ability to inhibit platelet activation by irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase 1. However, aspirin also affects the fibrinolytic and hemostatic pathways by mechanisms that are not well understood, causing severe hemorrhagic complications. Here, we investigated the ability of aspirin and aspirin metabolites to inhibit thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), the major inhibitor of plasma fibrinolysis. TAFI is activated via proteolytic cleavage by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex to TAFIa, a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme. TAFIa modulates fibrinolysis by removing the C-terminal arginine and lysine residues from partially degraded fibrin, which in turn inhibits the binding of plasminogen to fibrin clots. Aspirin and its major metabolites, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, and salicyluric acid, inhibit TAFIa carboxypeptidase activity. Salicyluric acid effectively blocks activation of TAFI by thrombin-thrombomodulin; however, salicylates do not inhibit carboxypeptidase N or pancreatic carboxypeptidase B. Aspirin and other salicylates accelerated the dissolution of fibrin clots and reduced thrombus formation in an in vitro model of fibrinolysis. Inhibition of TAFI represents a novel hemostatic mechanism that contributes to aspirin's therapy-associated antithrombotic activity and hemorrhagic complications.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.334-338
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• 1991

Synthesis of $(D-Phe^7\;-Leu^8)$ bradykinin and bradykinin by solid phase method using a new reaction vessel was carried out. Coupling was performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. After cleavage with dried HBr the peptides were purified by high pressure liquied chromatography. Their purify was assayed by paper and thin layer chromatography, melting point and amino acid analysis. $(D-Phe^7\;-Leu^8)$ bradykinin and bradykinin were incubater in vitro endopeptidase $({\alpha}-chymotrysis)$ and exopeptidase(carboxypeptidase A, leucine aminopeptidase) in order to study the degradation pattern of peptides. $(D-Phe^7\;-Leu^8)$ bradykinin and bradykinin were rapidly degradated by ${\alpha}-chymotrypsin$ and carboxypeptidase A $(D-Phe^7\;-Leu^8)$ bradykinin and bradykinin coution$(D-Phe^7\;-Leu^8)$ bradykinin and bradykinin contain imino peptide bound from proline at N-terminal and therefore they were not attacted by leucine aminopeptidase.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.202-205
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• 2005

Our previous study showed that the overexpression of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Escherichia coli resulted in the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. To produce soluble CPY, we designed a novel Pichia pastoris expression system, in which the following were inserted into expression vectors: three different signal sequences derived from the mating factor a1 of S. cerevisiae, an inulinase of Kluyveromyces marxianus, and the endogenous signal sequence of CPY. The expression vector pHIL-D2-SSinul-proCPY was the most effective in the production of proCPY among the vectors examined. The purified active CPY was obtained from proCPY by treating with proteinase K, followed by QExcellose ion-exchange column chromatography.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.756-761
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• 2016

We have identified 88 interactor candidates for human growth hormone (GH) by the yeast two-hybrid assay. Among those, we focused our efforts on carboxypeptidase E (CPE), which has been thought to play a key role in sorting prohormones, such as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), to regulated secretory vesicles. We found that CPE colocalizes with and interacts with GH in AtT20 pituitary cells. Downregulation of CPE led to decreased levels of GH secretion, consistent with involvement of CPE in GH sorting/secretion. Our binding assay in vitro with bacterially expressed proteins suggested that GH directly interacts with CPE but in a manner different from POMC.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.108-110
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• 2001

The E. coli expression system to overproduce a harmful protein, carboxypeptidase Taq was developed. Since expression plasmid pCK305N containing the colicin promoter already has the initiation codon on the restriction site, the initiation codon of the CPase Taq gene was removed. Expression plasmid pCP4-col includes the entire CPase Taq gene, which is directed by the colicin promoter. E. coli cells harboring pCP-col produced a high amount of the enzyme when they were cultured in the present of mitomycin C (0.4 ${\mu}g$/ml). An amount of purified enzyme produced by pCP4-col directed by the colicin promoter was 10.5 mg. This result indicated that the novel E. coli expression system controlled by the colicin promoter could produce almost twice amounts of CPase Taq than the conventional system controlled by the tart promoter.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.405-408
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• 1993

Absidia zychae NRIC 1199 produced two forms of carboxypeptidase(CPZ-1 and CPZ-2) which were distinguished in their isoelectric points but had almost identical properties(1). The amino acid sequences for the N-terminal of both enzymes were the same (Tyr-Thr-Ser-Pro-Lys-Leu-Xaa-Asp-Pro-Asp-Val) and any significant difference was not observed between amino acid compositions of the two enzymes. The ouchterlony double diffusion technique using antibody raised against the CPZ-2 protein demonstrated a good cross-reaction between CPZ-1 and CPZ-2 Genomic Southern analysis showed only one gene encoding CPZ in the genome of Absidia zychae. However, a significant difference between two enzymes was observed on peptide map using Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, distinguishable only one band, indicating that multiple forms of CPZ are caused by post-translational modification, such as deamidation.