• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.469-477
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• 1994

Many researchers have investigated most representative sequential extraction method using various reagents for determining the chemical forms of metals in soils and sediments. In this paper, a newly modified method for sequential extraction scheme based on Tessier's method by Environmental Geochemistry Research, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College, was introduced and examined. In comparison with Tessier's method, originally designed for sediment analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), the sequential extraction scheme has been developed for the multi-element analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The partitioning of particulate trace elements was classified into five fractions: (i) exchangeable, (ii) bound to carbonates or specially adsorbed, (iii) bound to Fe and Mn oxides, (iv) bound to organic matter and sulphides and (v) residuals. The experimental results of the pilot study for in-house reference material (HRM2) and certified international standard reference material (SRM2711) using the modified method showed not only reasonable precision and accuracy but also acceptable overall recovery rates. In addition, mine dump soils sampled in the Dalsung Cu-W mine, Korea were prepared and sequentially extracted using the method. Most of Cu was bound to organic matter/sulphides and residual fractions. The dominant fraction of soil Pb and Zn in the study area was found in the residuals. The fraction of Cd showed a wide variation between samples and could be found bound to the carbonates or specially adsorbed, oxides, organic fraction and residuals. The recovery rates of Cd, however, were poor due to relatively low Cd concentrations in soils. The heavy metals in these mine dumps appear to be in the more inert forms and should not be readily bioavailable. The soils, however, had very low pH values (average 4.1) and had sandy textures; consequently, rapid infiltration of rainfall may increase leaching of Zn and Cd which were found to be around 5 to 10% of the exchangeable fraction. As a result of the investigation of this study, it has been strongly recommended that these mine waste materials should still be considered a significant contaminant source and will need environmental remediation to prevent pollutants from being released into the environment.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.236-246
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• 2006

In this study, we give insight into questionable results that can be encountered in the conventional sequential extraction of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) from soils. Objectives of this study were to determine the extraction variability of exchangeable (EXC)-metals as using six different EXC-extractants commonly accepted, and to investigate selectivity problems with carbonates bound (CAB)-metal fraction, a buffered acetate (1.0 M NaOAc; pH 5.0) extractable-metal fraction, leading to erratic results in especially non-calcareous soils. The contents of EXC-metals were markedly varied with the different extractability of various EXC-metal extractants used. The contents of EXC-Cd fraction were ranged from 2.0 to 74.3% of total Cd content in all of the metal spiked soils studied. The contents of EXC-Zn fraction extracted with the different EXC-extractants were varied with soil types, which were from 0.4 to 3.9% of total Zn in the calcareous soils, from 7.6 to 17.9% in the acidic soil, and from 13.6 to 56.8% in the peat soil. However, the contents of EXC-Cu fraction were relatively similar among the applications of different EXC-meal extractants, 0.2 to 2.1 % of total Cu, in all soils tested. Also, these varied amounts of EXC-metal fractions, especially Cd and Zn, seriously impacted the contents of subsequent metal fractions in the procedure. Furthermore, the CAB-Cd, -Cu, and -Zn fractions extracted by the buffered acetate solution were in critical problem. That is, the buffered acetate solution dissolved not only CAB-metals but also metals that bound or occupied to subsequent fractions, especially OXD-metal fraction, in both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. The erratic results of CAB-fraction also seriously impacted the amounts of subsequent metal fractions. Therefore, the conventional sequential extraction should be reconsidered theoretically and experimentally to quantify the target metal fractions or might be progressively discarded.

• 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국석유지질학회 2000년도 제7차 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.14-30
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• 2000

Hierarchically controlled sequence stratigraphic analysis shows that the Lower Ordovician mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Mungok Formation, Korea consists of three depositional sequences: T1, T2, and T3. Sequence boundaries are generally marked by abrupt transition from coarse-grained shallow-water carbonates to fine-grained deeper-water carbonates mixed with fine-grained siliciclastics, and show indication of subaerial exposure such as karstification. Within this sequence stratigraphic framework, facies characteristics indicate that the Mungok sequences were mostly deposited in subtidal ramp environments. High-frequency cycles consist of upward-shallowing facies successions. Cycles of shallow-water and basinal deposits are not represented well, probably due to cycle amalgamation. Cycle stacking patterns do not show a consistent thickness change that reflects a large-scale sea-level change due to unfilled accommodation space. The Mungok sequences show that many factors including relative sea-level change and topography are involved in controlling sequence development on carbonate ramps. The depositional setting evolved from the high-energy ramps in the sequences T1 and T2 into the low-energy ramp in the sequence T3. Topography is interpreted to have been responsible for the different energy regimes of the carbonate ramps in the Mungok sequences. The high ramp gradient in the sequences T1 and T2 seems to be caused by space-time-dissociated differential sedimentation resulting in spatially narrow distribution of sediment filling, which in turn may be related to high rate of relative sea-level change. In contrast, low ramp gradient was maintained in the sequence T3 during slow changes of relative sea level resulting in broad distribution of sediment filling.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.179-182
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• 2011

Second-order rate constants ($k_{OH^-}$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for reactions of Y-substituted phenyl phenyl thionocarbonates (4a-i) with $OH^-$ in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The $k_{OH^-}$ values for the reactions of 4a-i have been compared with those reported previously for the corresponding reactions of Y-substituted phenyl phenyl carbonates (3a-i) to investigate the effect of changing the electrophilic center from C=O to C=S on reactivity and mechanism. Thionocarbonates 4a-i are less reactive than the corresponding carbonates 3a-i although 4a-i are expected to be more reactive than 3a-i. The Bronsted-type plot for reactions of 4a-i is linear with $\beta_{lg}$ = -0.33, a typical $\beta_{lg}$ value for reactions reported to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with formation of an intermediate being the rate-determining step (RDS). Furthermore, the Hammett plot correlated with $\sigma^o$ constants results in much better linearity than that correlated with $\sigma^-$ constants, indicating that expulsion of the leaving group is not advanced in the RDS. Thus, alkaline hydrolysis of 4a-i has been concluded to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with formation of an intermediate being RDS, which is in contrast to the forced concerted mechanism reported for the corresponding reactions of 3a-i. Enhanced stability of the intermediate upon modification of the electrophilic center from C=O to C=S has been concluded to be responsible for the contrasting mechanisms.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2013

Second-order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for the reactions of phenyl Y-substituted-phenyl carbonates 7a-g with butane-2,3-dione monoximate ($Ox^-$) in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The ${\alpha}$-nucleophile $Ox^-$ is 53-95 times more reactive than the corresponding normal-nucleophile 4-$ClPhO^-$ toward 7a-g, indicating that the ${\alpha}$-effect is operative. The magnitude of the ${\alpha}$-effect (e.g., the $k_{Ox^-}/k_{4-ClPhO^-}$ ratio) is independent of the electronic nature of the substituent Y. The cause of the ${\alpha}$-effect for the reactions of 7a-g has been suggested to be ground-state (GS) effect rather than transition-state (TS) stabilization through a six-membered cyclic TS, in which $Ox^-$ behaves a general acid/base catalyst. This idea is further supported by the result that $OH^-$ exhibits negative deviation from the linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot composed of a series of aryloxides, while $Ox^-$ deviates positively from the linearity. Differential solvation of the GS of $Ox^-$ and 4-$ClPhO^-$ has been suggested to be responsible for the ${\alpha}$-effect exerted by $Ox^-$.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.257-271
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• 2002

도시지역의 오염된 우수관퇴적물과 관련된 주요 관심사항 중의 하나는 산성비의 pH와 탄산염광물의 완충역할에 따른 중금속 원소의 단기적인 유동도이다. 탄산염광물의 완충역할은 적정법에 의해 평가되었다. 용출실험은 다양한 초기 질산농도를 갖는 용액으로 24 시간동안 실시하였다. 우수관퇴적물은 주로 방해석과 백운석에 의해 완충되는 것으로 나타났다. 탄산염광물을 많이 함유하고 있는 퇴적물 시료의 경우, pH가 산도 (acidity)의 증가에 따라 서서히 감소하였다. 탄산염광물을 덜 함유하고 있는 퇴적물 시료는 pH가 2 정도까지 급격하게 감소하다가 그 이후 천천히 감소하였다. 용출반응은 산용액이 더 첨가되어 탄산염광물의 완충역할을 완전하게 소모할 때까지 늦어졌다. pH가 감소됨에 따라 반응액의 아연, 구리, 납 및 망간 함량은 급격하게 증가하는 반면, 카드뮴, 코발트, 니켈, 크롬 및 철의 용해는 매우 느리며 제한적이었다. 중금속 원소의 용해도는 반응액의 pH값 뿐만아니라 퇴적물 입자와 수반된 금속원소의 존재형태에 의존한다. 약 산성환경에서, 아연, 카드뮴, 코발트, 니켈 및 구리의 용해작용이 점차적으로 중요해졌다. 용출실험으로부터, pH 5에서의 중금속 원소의 상대적인 유동도는 다음과 같다: 아연>카드뮴>코발트>니켈>구리>>납>크롬. 이는 약한 산성비가 오염된 우수관퇴적물로부터 아연, 카드뮴, 코발트, 니켈 및 구리를 용출시기는 반면에 납과 크롬은 용출시키지 못한다는 것을 지시한다. 방해석과 백운석 등의 탄산염광물의 완충역할은 심하게 오염된 우수관 퇴적물의 용출반응을 늦어지게 할 뿐 아니라 제한하는 데 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 이와 간은 2차적인 환경오염은 퇴적물에 있는 금속원소가 산성비에 의해 얼마나 잘 용출되는 가에 의해 좌우된다. 물리화학적인 환경변화는 중금속에 의한 심각한 환경오염을 야기시킬 수 있다. 이런 연구결과는 오염된 퇴적물의 관리에 고려되어야 한다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.145-151
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• 1982

Many materials such as silica gel, metallic oxide, activated alumina and alkaline earth metal carbonates were employed as filter media for gaseous oxides of ruthenium volatilized during high level radioactive waste processing. The adsorption efficiency of ruthenium on these materials was evaluated. For the purpose of observing behavior of ruthenium oxides, thermogravimetric analysis of ruthenium oxide in a stream of oxygen was carried out. The rate of volatilization was proportional to the square root of oxygen partial pressure, and increased exponentially with temperature. At $650^{\circ}C$, gaseous ruthenium oxides showed a strongly marked effect of deposition. Of all the materials available, calcium oxide proved to be the best that could be used to adsorb ruthenium.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.264-266
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• 2007

지구의 온난화를 가속시키는데 일조하고 있는 이산화탄소($CO_{2}$)와 Epoxy를 Tetrabutylammonium bromide를 촉매로 하여 초임계 상태에서 반응시켜 2차 전지의 전해질 물질로 사용 가능한 4-ethyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxlan-2-one, 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-Chloromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one을 합성하여 $^{l}H-NMR$을 이용하여 분석하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제3권1_2호
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• pp.34-50
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• 1973

There are many reports on the stability of drugs in powders and tablets. The stabilities of ascorbic acid in the antacid preparations, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium alumino silicate, and dried aluminum hydroxide gel under various humidities were examined. From the result of the experiment, it was assumed that the concentration of ascorbic acid, the amount of water-vapor sorption, and the physical character of the antacid ingredients were the main factors, influencing the degradation of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid, mixed with carbonates, such as calcium carbonate, was degradaded rapidly, while the preparation with dried aluminum hydroxide gel was slightly degraded after 10 days. A 2% ascorbic acid in the prepation was rapidly degraded than 10% ascorbic acid in the preparation.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1989

The concentrations of hydroxide, carbonate and oxalate for Y(III), Ba(II) and Cu(II) ions in an aqueous solution have been theoretically calcuated with respect to pH and their solubility diagram could be obtained. The optimum pH ofr oxalate coprecipitates at room temperature was estimated as<4, which was not influenced by carbonates and hydroxides in H2O solvent. The yield is dependent on the concentration of added oxalic acid, but the concentration of oxalic acid was fixed as 0.1M in this calculation for simplicity.