• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.116-124
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• 2000

Geochemical and isotopic analyses were carried out to investigate hydrochemical characteristics, source of carbon species in the carbonated waters in South Korea. Most Korean carbonated waters from different geologic settings are characterized by a Ca-HCO$_3$type with a relatively low pH range from 5.3 to 6.3 (avg. 6.0). The concentrations of cations and anions in the carbonate waters are in the order of Ca$^{2＋}$>Na$^{＋}$>Mg$^{2＋}$>Si$^{4＋}$>Fe$^{2＋}$>K$^{＋}$ and HCO$_3$$^{－}$>SO$_4$$^{2－}$>Cl$^{－}$, respectively. The HCO$_3$$^{－}$ ion is more enriched in the carbonated water from the sedimentary rock and granitic rock of Mesozoic age in the Gyungsang basin(GII) and the Precambrian metamorphic rock and Jurassic granitic rocks of the Gyunggj massif in the Gangwon province(GⅠ) than those of the meta-sedimentary rock and granite in the Ogcheon zone(GⅢ). Based on the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data, the carbonated waters are derived from the meteoric water, showing apparent latitude and altitude effects. The $delta$$^{13}$C values of carbon species in the carbonated water are in between -6.23 and 0.0 $textperthousand$, suggesting inorganic source of carbon originated from the carbonate mineral and carbonate rock in the aquifer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 1994

This study was conducted to characterize the chemical and mineralogical properties of representative phosphate rocks from North Carolina and Florida, and to find out the method for increasing the citric acid (two percent) solublility of phosphate rock. The the results are summerized as follows : 1. Major composition of phosphate rock was carbonate apatite containing small amounts of calcite and quartz. The differential thermal analysis(DTA) did not show endothermic or exothermic peak till $1,000^{\circ}C$. 2. Two percent citric acid solublility of phosphate rock was increased with the finess of particle size, but the water solublility was not affected by the particle size. Long time calcinated under high temperature had negative effect, while the incubation with 2% citric acid under low temperature had positive effect on solubility. 3. To increase the solubility of phosphate rock it was mixed with farmyard and barnyard manure and acidulated. Citrate solubility by treatment with sulfuric acid was more effective than nitric acid. Acidulation with thirty percent sulfuric acid increased both citric acid solubility and water solublility. Treatment with glutamic acid had little effect on the solubility of phosphate rock.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.273-283
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• 2013

The artificial rain (pH 4.0, pH 5.6 and pH 6.85) and weathering simulation test are applied in dolomitic marble for the prediction of deterioration of the stone monuments constructed with carbonate rock by acid rain. pH of the applied rain all increase to about neutral pH after reaction of marble. The contents of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ have increased more than twofold in two acid rain and deionized neutral rain after reaction of marble. The weight of marble is expected to decrease $0.00037kg/m^2$ each test cycle by pH 4.0 rain. This weight reduction rate of marble is 1.4 and 3.1 times more in pH 5.6 and pH 6.85 rain respectively, and 3.7 times more in only artificial weathering test. The compressive strength of marble is expected to decrease 0.2468, 0.1791 and $0.1280kg/m^2$ per test cycle with pH 4.0, pH 5.6 and pH 6.85 rain, respectively. These results mean that more acidic rain more enfeeble the strength of marble. Dolomite and small amount of calcite are precipitated in the rains after reaction of marble.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.161-181
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• 1990

The lead-zinc-silver-iron deposits from the Janggun mine are of hydrothermal-metasomatic origin, characterized by the marked hydrothermal alteration of the wallrocks, such as hydrothermal manganese enrichment of carbonate rocks, silicification, chloritization, sericitization, montmorillonitization and argillic alteration. The ore deposits have been emplaced within the Janggun Limestone of Cambro-Ordovician age at the immediate contacts with apophyses injected from the Chunyang Granite plutons of Late Jurrasic age. They have been structurally controlled by fractures in the carbonate rocks and the irregular intrusive contacts of granitic rocks, and are closely associated with hypogene manganese carbonate deposits. In the mine nine seperate orebodies are being mined. On the basis of the petrological study, hydrothermal alteration zone of this mine may be divided into the following four zones from wallrock to orebody. (I) Primary calcite and dolomite zone${\rightarrow}$(II) dolomitic limestone zone${\rightarrow}$(III) dolomitic zone${\rightarrow}$(IV) rhodochrosite zone${\rightarrow}$ orebody. There was not recongnized Mn and Fe elements in the primary calcite and dolomite zone. But, in the dolomitic limestone and dolomite zone, calcite and dolomite were subjected to weak hydrothermal manganese enrichment and the grade of the manganese enrichment increase oreward. By means of electron probe microanalysis, it was found that manganoan dolomite occured between primary dolomite grains, cross the cleavage of the primary dolomite and around the dolomite grains. Above these result supports that the Janggun manganese carbonate deposits are of hydrothermal metasomatic origin.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.335-347
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• 2016

The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of diverse carbonate rocks can be investigated by using VNIRSWIR(visible near infrared-short wavelength infrared) spectroscopic analysis as a rapid, nondestructive, and inexpensive tool. Comparing whole rock analysis to VNIR-SWIR spectroscopic analysis, the analytical method was investigated to estimate CaO contents, mud impurity, and whiteness of carbonate rocks involved in high-grade limestones in the field. We classify typical carbonate rocks in the upper Pungchon Formation in high-grade limestone mine area such as the Gangweon, Chungmu and Baegun mine in the Jeongseon area. The results show that powdered specimen has much higher reflectance than cutted specimen between the same sample. Whiteness is highly correlated with reflectance(0.99) for powdered specimen. The absorption of mineral mixtures shifts in position as a result of the mass ratio of calcite and dolomite in the Chungmu mine by changing to 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75. The absorption peak position in carbonate mixtures is highly correlated with CaO contents(0.98~0.99). Based on color system, the carbonate rocks are grouped into (milky) white, light grey, light brown, grey, and dark grey. The absorption peak position shifts from 2340 nm to 2320 nm as CaO contents decrease from 55.86 wt.% to 29.71 wt.%. We confirmed that absorption peak position shifts depending on the amount of Ca, which is bonded to $CO{_3}^{-2}$, Mg, and Fe contents replacing Ca. This result suggests that CaO contents in carbonate rocks can be considered to quantitative analysis in the field by spectroscopic analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.435-437
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• 2003

In order to investigate processes and factors controlling the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Han River, seasonal studies were carried out. The North Han River was much lower in the concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and major ions than the South Han River, but higher in $SiO_2$ concentration, $\delta$$^{34}$ $S_{so4}$ value and $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr ratio. This indicates that the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Han River were strongly controlled by the geology of their drainage basins: silicate rocks in the North Han River and carbonate rocks in the South Han River. The $\delta$$^{34}$ $S_{so4}$ values were relatively higher in the North Han River (5.90$\pm$1.46$\textperthousand$)) than in the South Han River (3.48$\pm$0.73$\textperthousand$). This implies that dissolved S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ in the North Han River might be mostly derived from deposition of atmospheric sulfates, whereas in the South Han River from oxidation of sulfide minerals in the abandoned poly-metallic deposits and the coal-bearing sedimentary rocks distributed over the upstream as well as deposition of atmospheric sulfates. The $^{87}$ S $r^{86}$ Sr ratios in the North Han River were distinctly higher than those in the South Han River, reflecting water-rock interaction with different rock types.pes.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.214-227
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the composition and diagenesis of the carbonate rocks from the seamounts in the Federated States of Micronesia, Central Pacific. Most of the samples were dredged from the water depth of about 1000-3000 m mainly in Chuuk Island, Hunter Bank, Caroline Ridge and Yap Trench. The carbonate rocks are either pelagic sediment mainly of planktonic foraminifera or shallow-marine sediment of corals, calcareous algae, mollusks and echinoderms. The rocks are altered texturally and chemically, except for those from the Hunter Bank and Yap A. The presence of shallow-marine cements suggests that the carbonate sediment has been subsided or reworked to the present water depth after deposition in shallow-marine environments. The texture of the carbonate sediment is reminiscent of meteoric diagenesis; however, the stable carbon isotopic composition of the altered rock samples shows affinity with that of sea water and the oxygen isotopic values are slightly enriched or same as compared to those of unaltered samples. These stable isotopic data suggest that the carbonate sediment of the study area has been diagenetically altered in the present deep-marine environment.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.583-595
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• 2014

The chemical properties and composition (pH, CaO, Fe, $HCO{_3}^-$, and $SO{_4}^{2-}$) of groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) from the northern (non-carbonate bedrock) and southern (carbonate bedrock) sections of the Daedong River, Pyeongyang were analyzed and compared period of the 1930s. In the southern section, the GW and SW has a higher pH and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ concentration, but lower $HCO{_3}^-$ and Fe levels than in the north. This finding reflects a reaction that formed acid by replacing metal ions in inorganic salts by hydrogen, which resulted from the oxidation of organic material in a clay layer.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.365-372
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• 2021

Pebble-bearing clastic carbonate rock which has been found in and around the Jeongseon and Okgye through the field survey was studied in petrological and mineralogical characteristics. We define the clastic carbonate rocks as 'Dolomite-pebble bearing fine sand-sized dolostone, or grainstone', which are characterized by the existence of dolomite single grains and Mg-phengite, and by the subsequent formation of secondary calcite cements. These attributes correspond well with those of the typical Haengmae Formation from Haengmae-dong, Mitan-myeon, Jeongseon-gun, thus the carbonate rocks in the Jeongseon and Okgye areas must belong to the Haengmae Formation. The result suggests that the Haengmae Formation is an independent unit among the Paleozoic lithostratigraphic units in Taebaek basin and lies in the upper part of Jeongseon and Sukbyungsan Formations under the Hongjeom Formation of Pyeongan Supergroup.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.790-799
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• 2010

The Upper Devonian Grossmont Formation in Alberta, Canada reserves an estimated 50 billion cubic meters of bitumen and possess about 1/6 of the total bitumen resources in northern Alberta. However, unlike the overlying Athabasca oil sands, non conventional bitumen resources has not been developed as yet. The carbonate rocks of Grosmont Formation have been subject to various stages of diagenesis, including dolomatization and karstification with a strong effect on the distribution of porosity and permeability, which resulted in highly heterogeneous reservoirs. An extensive fracture logging and mapping was performed on total of six boreholes located in the study area to explore the characteristics of fracture geometry system and the subsurface structures of carbonates reservoir that holds bitumen. Fractal dimension was used as a measure of the statistical homogeneity of the fractured rock masses. The applicability of random Cantor dust, Dc, as a fractal parameter was examined systematically. The statistical homogeneity of fractured carbonates rock masses was investigated in the study area. The structural domains of the rock masses were delineated depthwise according to estimated Dc. The major fracture orientation was dominated by horizontal beddings having dip of $0-20^{\circ}$. Also, fractures having high dip angles existed with relatively low frequency. Three dimensional fracture network modeling for each structural domain has been performed based on fracture orientation and intensity, and some representative conceptual models for carbonates reservoir in the study area has been proposed. The developed subsurface conceptual models will be used to capture the geomechanical characteristics of the carbonates reservoir.