• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1995

To evaluate an effect of xanthine oxidase(XO) reaction system on the carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) metabolism, $CCl_4$ was given twice at 0.1ml/100g body wt. at intervals of 18 hour to the rats and those pretreated with allopurinol (50mg/kg. body wt.). The influence of XO on the metabolism of $CCl_4$ was focused on the degree of liver damage and the activities of a $CCl_4$ metabolizing marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. The increasing rate of liver weight per body weight and the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase to the control group were more decreased in allopurinol-pretreated rats than in those treated with $CCl_4$ alone. The liver XO activities were more increased in $CCl_4$-treated rats than the control group and the $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol showed a decreased activities of XO compared to the $CCl_4$-treated rats. The type conversion (type D --> type O) rate was more decreased tendency in allopurinol pretreated rats than those treated $CCl_4$ alone. In dialyzed liver enzyme preparations, all of the xanthine oxidase activities: $CCl_4$-treated, allopurinol and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol showed the more increased Vmax value than the control group, but similar Km value. Moreover, $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol showed the more increased Vmax value than the group treated with $CCl_4$ alone. In conclusion, it can not be negate the possibility of metabolism of $CCl_4$ by the xanthine oxidase enzyme system.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 1998

Carbon tetrachloride (CCI$_4$) induces the hepatotoxicity due to the reactive free radicals generated by cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzyme, which result in destabilization of cellular membrane. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocking agent, has been known to suppress the CYP-450 enzyme activities. To study the effect of diltiazem in $CCl_4$-treated rats, we measured the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), contents of bilirubin, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine malondialdehyde and calcium. Also we conducted liver histopathologic examinations. Diltiazem, when administered 1 hour prior to CCI$_4$ treaeent, significantly reduced the activities of ALT and AST, the contents of microsomal malondialdehyde and calcium in liver and microsome as compared with those of $CCl_4$-treated rats. In addition, histopathologic examination showed that diltiazem prevented the development of centrilobular necrosis induced by CCI$_4$ in liver tissue. Our results suggested that diltiazem could inhibit the formation of free radicals and the influx of calcium. Therefore diltiazem may be applied to suppress the liver damage caused by $CCl_4$.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

The methanolic extract of natural roots of Mucuna pruriens was screened for hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) induced hepatotoxicity in Albino rats. The degree of protection was measured by estimating biochemical parameters like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, total protein and level of serum bilirubin (both total and direct). The extract also reduced $CCl_4$ induced lipid peroxidation both in-vitro and in-vivo. Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract at dose 300 mg/kg body weight, i.p., was comparable with standard drug Silymarin (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, histopathological experiments were also carried out to support the study.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-26
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• 2007

Hepatoprotective activity of different extracts of Citrullus colocynthis L. sch. (roots) (cucurbitaceae) was investigated in albino rats by inducing hepatotoxicity with carbon tetrachloride. The alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynthis sch. 100 mg/kg b.w. has been shown to posses significant hepatoprotective effect by lowering the serum level of transaminases (GPT & GOT), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and bilirubin (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2011

Several compounds and extracts isolated from a brown alga, Ishige (I.) okamurae, exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study investigated whether the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of I. okamurae (EFIO) could ameliorate carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_{4}$)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with EFIO at 10 or 50 mg/kg per day for 2 consecutive days before $CCl_{4}$ injection (3.3 mL/kg, i.p.). Twenty four hours later, the rats were anesthesized with diethyl ether and dissected. Pretreatment with EFIO significantly reduced the increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in $CCl_{4}$-treated rats. Pretreatment with EFIO also significantly inhibited the reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the $CCl_{4}$-injured liver. Histopathological evaluations showed that hemorrhage, hepatocyte necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fatty degeneration induced by $CCl_{4}$ treatment were ameliorated by the administration of EFIO. Additionally, liver immunohistochemical analyses revealed the marked reduction in ED1-positive monocyte-like macrophages in EFIO-pretreated rats given $CCl_{4}$. These results suggest that EFIO ameliorates $CCl_{4}$-induced liver injury, possibly through the inhibition of oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2004

The hepatotherapeutic effect of the extract of Lycii fructus has been studied in rats against $CCl_4$ induced liver toxicity. The rats were orally treated with $CCl_4$ (corn oil/$CCl_4$ 1:1, $1m{\ell}/kg$) and then $CCl_4$ ($0.5m{\ell}/kg$) administered four times for 2 weeks. The extracts of L. fructus have been administered every day for 2 weeks after the last $CCl_4$ injection. The experimental groups consisted of negative control (G1), positive control ($CCl_4$ alone; G2), extract of L. fructus (50 mg/kg; G3, 100 mg/kg; G4, 200 mg/kg; G5), respectively. There was a significant decrement to G2 on the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in G5. Also, the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and phosphatidylcholine hydroperxidase, a marker of lipid peroxidation, in the liver were decreased significantly G5 and G4 compared with G2. Although, catalase or superoxide dismutase, antioxidant enzyme, in the liver were decreased significantly too, it would not be a good sign for the liver. In histopathological findings, such a hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration, lobular restructure, cellular infiltration, necrosis, and so on were shown severely in G2. However, G4 and G5 was shown a mild cytoplasmic vacuolation and inflammatory cell. In conclusion, as a protection against cell damage, lipid peroxidation and serum level, it suggested that the extract of Lycii fructus would have been a therapeutic effect of liver injury directly.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

Objectives : Present study investigated hepatoprotective effects of four types of Taraxaci Herba water extract (TL-F, Taraxaci Herba leaf originated from foreign country; TR-F, Taraxaci Herba root originated from foreign country; TL-K, Taraxaci Herba leaf originated from Korea; TR-K, Taraxaci Herba root originated from Korea) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute liver injury. Methods : Mice were administered orally with 200 mg/kg of TL-F, TR-F, TL-K, or TR-K for seven days, and intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 mL/kg of CCl₄ 1 h after last Taraxaci Herba treatment. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as a positive drug. Body weight gain, relative liver weight, serum biochemistry, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses, and hepatic antioxidant capacity were determined to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of four extracts. Results : Administration of four types of Taraxaci Herba extract increased body weight gain, and decreased relative liver weight in CCl₄-injected mice. As compared to CCl₄ group, TL-F and TR-F significantly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, while four extracts reduced CCl₄-induced alanine aminotransferase activity. In addition, TL-F and TR-F significantly decreased the numbers of degenerated hepatocytes, infiltrated inflammatory cells, cleaved caspase-3 positive cells, and cleaved PARP positive cells in hepatic tissues. Moreover, TL-F, TR-F, and TR-K administration reduced the lipid peroxidation and nitrotyrosine, and increased glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in hepatic tissues. There were no statistical differences between TL-F- and silymarin-treated group. Conclusion : Of four extracts tested, present results suggest that TL-F is the most favorable candidate against CCl₄-induced acute liver injury through enhancing antioxidant activity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2007

Paecilomyces tenuipes (PT), one of the Ascomycetes family, has been used for medicinal purposes due to its broad pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of PT water extracts against $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. When the extract of PT was directly added into the culture medium at 1, 2, and 5 mg/ml, the extracts not only reduce the $CCl_4$-induced elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxide, but also protect cultured hepatocytes from $CCl_4$-induced reduction of reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. In addition, the effects of PT water extracts on cytochrome P450 enzymes were relatively marginal, indicating that the hepatoprotective effects of PT extract against $CCl_4$-induced toxicity might not be due to the inhibition of $CCl_4$ activation. In conclusion, the PT extracts were effective in protecting against $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity in hepatocyte cultures, at least in part, by scavenging free radicals, and by modulating enzyme systems involved in cellular oxidative stress.

• Carbon letters
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2012

A nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) canister was indigenously developed using active carbon impregnated with ammoniacal salts of copper (II), chromium (VI) and silver (I), and high efficiency particulate aerosol filter media. The NBC canister was evaluated against carbon tetra chloride ($CCl_4$) vapours, which were used as a simulant for persistent chemical warfare agents under dynamic conditions for testing breakthrough times of canisters of gas masks in the National Approval Test of Respirators. The effects of $CCl_4$ concentration, test flow rate, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) on the breakthrough time of the NBC canister against $CCl_4$ vapour were also studied. The impregnated carbon that filled the NBC canister was characterized for surface area and pore volume by $N_2$ adsorption-desorption isotherm at liquid nitrogen temperature. The study clearly indicated that the NBC canister provides adequate protection against $CCl_4$ vapours. The breakthrough time decreased with the increase of the $CCl_4$ concentration and flow rate. The variation in temperature and RH did not significantly affect the breakthrough behaviour of the NBC canister at high vapour concentration of $CCl_4$, whereas the breakthrough time of the NBC canister was reduced by an increase of RH at low $CCl_4$ vapour concentration.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 1997

Several serum enzyme activities were measured after intraBeritoneal administration of 0.01 ml $CCl_{4}$ per 100 g of body weight in Sprague Dawley rats. Senun AST activity increased significantly after administration of CCl$_{4}$ (P<0.05). The serum AST activity at 2 hours after $CCl_{4} administration (475 {\pm} 10^{6} IU/L)$ was significantly higher than that of control group $(65 {\pm} 14 IU/L)$. The high level of serum AST activity maintained up to 48 hours. Serum ALT activity in $CCl_{4}$-treated groups was also significantly higher from 4 hours after treatment companied to control group and the high level maintained up to 48 hours. Serum ALP and ${\gamma} GTP activities in CCl_{4}$-treated groups were significantly higher from 8 hours after treatment compared to control group and the level maintained up to 48 hours.