• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2016

To achieve large-scale carbon removals, a carbon offset project based on forest management was designed and its carbon stock change was estimated in this study. The project was designed for 874 hectares of forests in the Jin-An Leading Forest Management Zone. For estimating the carbon stock change of the project, the Korean Forest Carbon Standard and VCS (Verified Carbon Standard) methodologies were applied. Three types of management options were considered in the project : extension of rotation age, conversion to productive forests, and conversion to selective harvesting. The estimated carbon removals from the project designed in this study were $259,936tCO_2$ ($8,664tCO_2$ annually), which is 98% of estimated carbon removals from the entire 69 projects currently registered to the Forest Carbon Offset Registry in Korea. The results of this study showed that a large-scale carbon offset project based on forest management could have a huge potential to produce carbon offset credits.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1985

It is generally agreed that strong linkages exist between rubber chains and reinforcing filler particles. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of rubber-filler attachments on the various mechanical properties of the rubber. In particular, the modulus and strength will be altered by these attachments. For this study, the curing properties are examined by means of ODR (Oscillating Disk Rheometer), the physical properties by means of Instrong. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. In the ODR test, the carbon black filled stock has shorter scorch time than gum stock and, the silica and clay filled stock has longer scorch time than gum stock. In the modulus, ten sile and swelling properties, the vulcanizates filled with carbon black had higher those values than inorganic filler loaded NR vulcanizates, but the rebound rate showed that the silica filled NR vulcanizates was lower than other inorganic filler contained NR vulcanizates and the ISAF filled NR vulcanizates was lower than other carbon block contained NR vulcanizates.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권4호
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• pp.591-597
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• 2011

본 연구는 산림탄소계정을 고려한 국유림 장기경영계획 수립 시 의사결정정보를 제공하기 위해, 경영 시나리오에 따른 CBM-CFS3 모델을 적용한 산림탄소축적량의 변화를 예측하였다. 목재생산 수준에 따라 기존 경영계획의 연간 벌채면적(120 ha) 유지(시나리오1), 매분기별 30% 증가(시나리오 2), 현 수준의 3배 증가(시나리오3), 5배 증가(시나리오4) 등의 4가지 경영시나리오를 구성하였고, 100년의 계획기간동안 총 탄소축적량, 탄소저장고별 축적량, 수확된 목제품 탄소량, 영급구조의 변화를 예측하였다. 연구 결과, 기존 벌채수준을 유지하는 시나리오1의 경우 목제품을 포함한 총 탄소축적량이 433.1 tC/ha로 가장 높았으나 계획기간 말 임분구조가 노령림에 편중되는 문제점이 나타났으며, 반면 시나리오4의 경우 계획기간 말 노령림 면적이 크게 줄어들고 총 탄소축적량이 385.5 tC/ha으로 크게 떨어지는 문제점이 있었다. 벌채면적을 매분기 30% 증가시키는 시나리오2와 현 수준의 3배로 증가시키는 시나리오3의 경우, 영급분포가 I~VIII영급에 고르게 분포하고 총 탄소축적량도 각각 411.7 tC/ha, 410.5 tC/ha으로 초기의 산림탄소축적량을 지속적으로 유지하는 것으로 나타나, 산림탄소계정을 고려한 경영계획에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2023

본 연구는 세종특별시의 주요 도심 녹지인 국립세종수목원을 대상으로 신규 탄소흡수원으로서의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 흉고직경 5.5cm 이상 소나무 794본과 가로수로 식재된 이팝나무 154본, 메타세쿼이아 216본, 칠엽수 172본 등 총 1,336본의 수목을 대상으로 4월부터 11월까지 현장조사와 지상라이다 측정을 수행하였다. 조사 결과를 바탕으로 산림탄소상쇄제도에서 사용하고 있는 연간 이산화탄소 흡수량 추정식을 사용하여 탄소 저장량 및 연간 이산화탄소 흡수량을 산정하였다. 주요 수목 4종이 가장 많이 분포하는 흉고직경 12cm 직경급의 탄소 저장량을 비교해본 결과, 이팝나무(0.0136tC/본), 소나무(0.0126tC/본), 메타세쿼이아(0.0092tC/본), 칠엽수(0.0076tC/본) 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 20본을 대상으로 지상라이다 측정자료와 비교해 본 현장조사 자료는 수고 10.0cm, 흉고직경은 1.7cm 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 추후 정확하고 효율적인 측정방법에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한 수목원에 식재된 다른 종의 탄소 저장량 및 연간 이산화탄소 흡수량을 추가로 구축하면 수목원의 탄소흡수 효과를 홍보하고 국가 NDC 달성에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 장기적으로 도시숲 및 정원에 주로 사용되는 수종의 정확한 탄소 저장량 산정을 위해 주로 사용되는 교목이나 관목의 탄소흡수계수개발도 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2017

Tropical forests constitute almost half of the global forest cover, account for 35% of the global net primary productivity and thereby have potential to contribute substantially to sequester atmospheric $CO_2$ and offset climate change impact. However, deforestation and degradation lead by unsustainable management of tropical forests contribute to the unprecedented species losses and limit ecosystem services including carbon sequestration. Sustainable forest management (SFM) in the tropics may tackle and rectify such deleterious impacts of anthropogenic disturbances and climatic changes. However, the existing dilemma on the definition of SFM and lack of understanding of how tropical forest sustainability can be achieved lead to increasing debate on whether climate change mitigation initiatives would be successful. We reviewed the available literature with a view to clarify the concept of sustainability and provide with a framework towards the sustainability of tropical forests for enhanced carbon stock and climate change mitigation. We argue that along with securing forest tenure and thereby reducing deforestation, application of reduced impact logging (RIL) and appropriate silvicultural system can enhance tropical forest carbon stock and help mitigate climate change.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.159-159
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• 2022

Soil represents a substantial component within the global carbon cycle and small changes in the SOC stock may result in large changes of atmospheric CO₂ particularly over tens to hundreds of years. In this study, we aim to (i) evaluate the SOC stock in the topsoil 0 - 15 cm from soil physical and chemical characteristics and (ii) find the correlation of SOC and soil organic matter (SOM) for national-scale in South Korea. First of all, based on the characteristics of the soil to calculate the soil hydraulic properties, SOC stock is the SOC mass per unit area for a given depth. It depends on bulk density (BD-g/cm³), SOC content (%), the depth of topsoil (cm), and gravel content (%). Due to insufficient data on BD observation, we establish a correlation between BD and SOC content, sand content, clay content parameter. Next, we present linear and non-linear regression models of BD and the interrelationship between SOC and SOM using a linear regression model and determine the conversion factor for them, comparing with Van Bemmelen 1890's factor value for the country scale. The results obtained, helps managers come up with suitable solutions to conserve land resources.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2018

This study analyzes the contribution of hanok that construction in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Korea by calculating the carbon storage of hanoks and comparing it to different housing types in Korea. The hanok is a traditional Korean house. And it were first designed and built in the $14^{th}$ century during thd Joseon Dynasty. According to our results, the number of hanoks in 2016 was approximately 547,085 which was accounting for 7.8% of the total construction market, This study found Gyeongbuk with 95,083, Jeonnam with 88,981, Gyeongnam with 76,388 and Seoul with 43,519 hanoks. According to the GHG Inventory Report for 2016, Korea's total annual GHG emissions amounted to 650 million $tCO_2$, with the carbon stocks in hanoks amounting to 19.2 million $tCO_2$. This accounts for 2.8% of Korea's total GHG emissions and 46.1% of the carbon absorbed by forests. Our results show that hanoks store four times more carbon than light-frame-wood-houses, and 15 times more carbon than concrete-reinforced and steel-frame houses. The main factors causing the hanok industry slowdown are the high construction costs, lack of government support, and insufficient knowledge of hanok architecture. Therefore, to further increase the carbon stock of hanok, more research is needed to improve the technical use of wood and reduce construction of the hanok and prepare legal and institutional arrangements related to hanok industry.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2017

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stocks of Pinus densiflora with drawing volume of trees in each tree height and DBH applying the suitable stem taper equation and tree specific carbon emission factors, using collected growth data from all over the country. Information on distribution area, tree age, tree number per hectare, tree volume and volume stocks were obtained from the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory (2006~2010) and Statistical yearbook of forest (2016), and method provided in IPCC GPG was applied to estimate carbon stock and uptake. Performance in predicting stem diameter at a specific point along a stem in Pinus densiflora by applying Kozak's model, $d=a_{1}DBH^{a_2}a_3^{DBH}X^{b_{1}Z^2+b_2ln(Z+0.001)+b_3\sqrt{Z}+b_4e^z+b_5(\frac{DBH}{H})}$, which is well known equation in stem taper estimation, was evaluated with validations statistics, Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. Consequently, Kozak's model turned out to be suitable in all validations statistics. Stem volume table of P. densiflora was derived by applying Kozak's model and carbon stock tables in each tree height and DBH were developed with country-specific carbon emission factors ($WD=0.445t/m^3$, BEF = 1.445, R = 0.255) of P. densiflora. As the results of analysis in carbon uptake for each province, the values were high with Gangwon-do $9.4tCO_2/ha/yr$, Gyeongsandnam-do and Gyeonggi-do $8.7tCO_2/ha/yr$, Chungcheongnam-do $7.9tCO_2/ha/yr$ and Gyeongsangbuk-do $7.8tCO_2/ha/yr$ in order, and Jeju-do was the lowest with $6.8tC/ha/yr$. Total carbon stocks of P. densiflora were 127,677 thousands tC which is 25.5% compared with total percentage of forest and carbon stock per hectare (ha) was $84.5tC/ha/yr$ and $7.8tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 서울시 도시녹지 중 가로수의 재적식을 개발하고 탄소저장량을 추정하는데 있다. 서울시 가로수의 79%를 차지하는 은행나무, 메타세콰이어, 느티나무, 양버즘나무를 대상으로 흉고직경을 이용하여 4개의 상대생장식을 비교하였다. 최적의 상대생장식을 개발하기 위하여 이용된 통계량은 결정계수, 잔차 평균, 절대평균 잔차제곱이다. 이를 통하여 추정된 수종별 상대생장식은 양버즘나무에서 aDb, 은행나무, 메타세콰이어, 느티나무에서 aD+bD2 식이고 결정계수는 0.873이상의 수치를 나타내어 가로수 탄소저장량 추정에 사용이 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 개발된 재적식을 이용하여 추정된 서울시 가로수의 주요 4종에 저장된 탄소량은 약 33,760tC이다. 본 연구의 결과로 제시된 서울시 가로수의 재적식과 탄소저장량은 가로수의 수종별 생장 및 재적정보를 제시하고 도시녹지의 탄소저장량 평가에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2023

This paper selects 100 IT companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020, and the public announcement in Hwajung collects ESG integrated ratings and grades for each sector and empirically verifies the relationship between ESG ratings and stock returns. Huazheng ESG level data and QIANZHAN database Using corporate financial data, a total of 500 samples were selected through correlation analysis and linear regression analysis with SPSS23 to analyze the effect of ESG on Return. As a result of the analysis, first, the impact on stock returns was found to be a significant positive (+) value for ESG integrated ratings and ratings by E (environment), S (social), and G (governance) sectors, confirming that ESG ratings have a positive mold of corporate stock returns. Currently, the world's major economies have proposed sustainable development strategies and "carbon neutral" goals. Development strategies are very consistent with ESG concepts, and companies that agree and execute ESG concepts may have higher ratings than other companies in the same industry, resulting in certain evaluation premiums. In addition, capital market performance in recent years shows that companies with ESG concepts or "carbon neutrality" concepts are generally considered to have higher growth potential and stronger anti-risk capabilities in the market. For listed companies, they should focus on ESG investment, improve ESG performance, and actively disclose related information to investors. Improving ESG performance should deliver positive information to society, enhance corporate image, increase market confidence in the future development of listed companies, and positively improve corporate value to actively increase financial, financial, trading, and other aspects of negotiation.