• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2004

The results of examining characteristics of mycelial growth and culture condition for determining the condition of artificially culturing Fomitopsis pinicola are as follows. 1) Mycelial growth and density of F. pinicola. were the highest in the medium of PIDA(Pine Dextrose Agar;66.3mm/10d) followed by the order of GDA, PDA, CDA, PODA, ODA, YM, MCM, MEA(pH 4.7), CHA, and MEA(pH 4.7). 2) Optimal temperature for the mycelial growth and density of F. pinicola were shown to be $30^{\circ}C$, but the mycelia were dead at $40^{\circ}C$. the mycelial growth and density of KNAC9005 strains was the highest at $30^{\circ}C$(66.3mm/10d) followed by the order of 25, 20, 15, 35, 10, and $5^{\circ}C$. 3) Optimal pH for the mycelial growth and density of $40^{\circ}C$ was revealed to be 6.0(88.4mm/10d). above or below pH 6.0, the mycelial growth and density were shown to be retarded. 4) Optimal carbon, nitrogen and organic acid sources for the spawn growth of $40^{\circ}C$ were maltose(331mg/25ml/15d), peptone(347mg/25ml/15d), and glutamic acid(357mg/25ml/15d), respectively. Optimal level of biotin was 370mg/15d and optimal C/N ratio was 40.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 1993

The intestinal microflora of humans is an extraordinarily complex mixture of microorganisms, the majority of which are anaerobic bacteria. Amongst them, most prevalent bacteria are Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Peptococcus, Bifidobacteria. We isolated a Bacteroides fragilis strain from a Korean adult and examined various glycosidase activities of this strain. The activities of $N-acetyl-{\beta}-glucosaminidase,\;{\alpha}-fucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, chitobiase and PNPCase were stronger in Bacteroides fragilis Roid 8 than in other intestinal anaerobic bacteria. $N-acetyl-{\beta}-glucosaminidase$ was strongest, followed by ${\alpha}-fucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ and PNPCase. The activities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$, ${\beta}-xylosidase,\;{\alpha}-arabinofuranosidase$ were not present or very low. The activities of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ were present but at a lower level than in Bifidobacterium. The effect of the carbon sources on the production of $N-acetyl-{\beta}-glucosaminidase$, ${\alpha}-fucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ and PNPCase of Bacteroides fragilis Roid 8 was investigated. :.actose and glucose lowered the production of the varous glycosidase enzymes studied in this work. In addition, we investigated the optimum temperature and pH of each glycosidase from Bacteroides fragilis Roid-8 using crude enzyme preparations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2002

A 0.19 hectare stream water purification demonstration wetland was constructed and planted with cattails from April 2001 to May 2001. Some portions of its bottom surfaces adjacent to levees have a variety of slope of 1:4 $\sim$ 1:15 and two small open water areas were installed in the wetland. These make its shape closer to a natural wetlant Nitrogen removal was a major objective of the wetlant Waters of Sinyang Stream flowing into Kohung Esturiane Lake located southern coastal region of Korean Peninsula were pumped and funneled into it. Volumes and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2001 through December 2001. Average inflow and outflow were 120 $m^3/d$ and 112 $m^3/d$, respectively. Hydraulic retention time was about 3.1 days. Average nitrate and total nitrogen removal rate for the early stage of the wetlands were 85.8 $mg/m^2/day$, 171.4 $mg/m^2/day$ respectively. Full establishment of cattails within a few years can develope litter-soil substrates and supply available carbon sources beneficial to the denitrification of nitrate. These can lead to increases of the nitrate retention rate. Short circuiting and dead zone areas which might be occurred due to the close-to-nature layout of the wetland were not observed during the monitoring period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.247-255
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• 2003

A bacterium, KJA-118 showing a strong chitinase activity, was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus. The strain produced maximum level of chitinase, when grown aerobically at $30^{\circ}C$ for 4 days in basal broth containing 1% colloidal chitin in the initial pH adjusted to 6.0. Among various carbon sources such as crab shell powder, chitin powder, colloidal chitin, and R. solani mycelium, maximum chitinase activity was found in culture broth supplemented with R. solani mycelium. When KJA-118 was incubated with R. solani, the cell wall of the fungus was found to be completely destroyed. SDS-PAGE and active staining results revealed that KJA-118 produced three isoforms of chitinase with molecular weights of 68 kDa, 47 kDa, and 37 kDa. When the suspension of KJA-118 was treated to cucumber seedlings, reducing rate of damping-off caused by R. solani was about 28.1%.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2014

Renewable Portfolio Standards(RPS) is a regulation that requires a renewable energy generated from eco-friendly energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal. The RPS mechanism generally is an obligatory policy that places on electricity supply companies to produce a designated fraction of their electricity from renewable energies. The domestic companies to supply electricity largely rely on wood pellets in order to implement the RPS in spite of undesirable situation of lack of wood resources in Korea. This means that the electricity supply companies in Korea must explore new biomass as an alternative to wood. Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) as oil palm wastes can be used as raw materials used for making pellets after their thermochemical treatment like torrefaction. Torrefaction is a pretreatment process which serves to improve the properties including heating value and energy densification of these oil palm wastes through a mild pyrolysis at temperature typically ranging between 200 and $300^{\circ}C$ in the absence of oxygen under atmospheric pressure. Torrefaction of oil palms wastes at above $200^{\circ}C$ contributed to the increase of fixed carbon with the decrease of volatile matters, leading to the improvement of their calorific values over 20.9 MJ/kg (=5,000 kcal/kg) up to 25.1 MJ/kg (=6,000 kcal/kg). In particular, EFB sensitively responded to torrefaction because of its physical properties like fiber bundles, compared to PKS and hardwood chips. In conclusion, torrefaction treatment of PKS and EFB can greatly contribute to the implement of RPS of the electricity supply companies in Korea through the increased co-firing biomass with coal.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.208-215
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• 2005

This study was accomplished in order to collect fundamental data on microbial roles in recycling process of reed rhizosphere. Sunchon bay, which is considered as one of the marsh and mud environments severely affected by human activities such agriculture and fisheries, was selected as a model place. In our initial efforts, two bacterial consortia were obtained by enrichment culture using PAH mixtures containing anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene as the sources of carbon and energy, and four pure bacteria capable of rapid degradation of PAH were isolated from them. Four strains designated as SCB1, SCB2, SCB6, and SCB7 revealed by morphological, physiological and molecular analyses were identified as Burkholderia anthina, Alcaligenes sp., Achromobacter xylosoxidans., and Pseudomonas putida, respectively with over $99{\%}$ confidence. Notably, Burkholderia anthina SCB1 and Alcaligenes sp. SCB2 were found to utilize anthracene and pyrene more quickly than naphthalene and phenanthrene, whereas Achromobacter xylosoxidans SCB6 and Pseudomonas putida SCB7 exhibited similar growth and degradation patterns except for pyrene. These facts suggest that the rhizosphere microorganisms capable of PAH degradation might be used to clean up the contamination sites with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2004

The main objectives of the study were to investigate cultural characteristics of Phellinus linteus. The optimum culture media for mycelial growth of P. linteus were MYA (malt yeast agar) and SMS (soybean powder malt Sucrose). Similarly, optimum temperature and pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. Malt extract (2%, v/v) and yeast extract (0.2%, v/v) were optimum carbon and nitrogen sources. Similarly, 0.1% $KH_2PO_4$ was optimum mineral salt. Highest mycelial growth was observed when C/N ratio was 10 : 1. Optimum inoculum amount for flask culture was $5{\sim}6$ mycelial discs (6 mm diameter) per 100 ml of liquid medium, Highest mycelial dry weight was obtained when cultured in 100 ml liquid medium in 300 ml shaking flask after 20 days of shaking culture, For mass liquid culture (8 l), flask culture was homogenized and used as an inoculum. Optimum culture period and aeration rate for 8l fermentation culture were 12 days and 2.0 vvm, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1981

The mycelial growth of Agaricus bitorquis and Pleurotus ostreatus in synthetic media were carried out by ordinary methods. The optimum pH and temperature for mycelial growth were from pH 6.0 to 6.5 and 25 to $30^{\circ}C$, and from pH 5.0 to 6.5 and $25^{\circ}C$ in A. bitorquis and P. ostreatus, respectively. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources, glucose, starch, and peptone showed the good result for the mycelial growth of A. bitorquis, and glucose, fructose, starch and peptone were good for the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus. The yield of mycelium decreased under lower or higher C/N ratio. Also, at the same C/N ratio, the higher the concentration of glucose and peptone, the more the yield was increased. Among various vitamins thiamine, Ca-pantothenate and folic acid were suitable for the mycelial growth of A. bitorquis, and thiamine, folic acid and ino­sitol for the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus. Although pH, total nitrogen and glucose contents of media decreased gradually during culture period the yield of mycelium increased.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 1986

Cultural and nutritional conditions for Lyophyllum decastes and its chemical composition in a synthetic medium were investigated. The optimal temperature and pH for the production of mycelium were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5. The mycelium yield was the highest on 15th day. Among the carbon sources, glucose and CMC were the best for the production of mycelium and their optimal concentrations were 3 and 6%, respectively. As an organic nitrogen, proteose peptone was the best and $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ as an inorganic nitrogen was good. The optimal concentration of proteose peptone and $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ were 2 and 0.2%, respectively. The optimal ratio of glucose to proteose peptone for production of mycelium was 10 : 1. Also, the optimal concentrations of $K_2HPO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ were 0.2 and 0.06%, respectively and that of $CaCl_2$ was 0.1%. Among the bioextracts, yeast extract was the most effective and its optimal concentration was 1.5%. In chemical components of the mycelium of Lyophyllum decastes, total sugar, crude protein and crude fat were 34.80, 28.35 and 2.50%, respectively. Its ash was 7.57% and crude fiber 11.99%.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 1979

A Streptomyces sp. strain AS-727 which was capable of producing penicillinase, was isolated from soil. The enzyme production was affected by the carbon and nitrogen sources added. Among them so far tested, glucose (or maltose) and sodium nitrate increased the enzyme production. And the amount of enzyme prodced reached maximum in 4 days cultivation. The optimla pH and temperature of the penicillinase was between pH 6.0 to 8.0 and 4$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The stabel pH range of the enzyme was stable at 4$0^{\circ}C$, but it lost about 30％ and 40％ of the the activity respectively when it was treated at 6$0^{\circ}C$ and 8$0^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by Z $n^{++}$, but A $g^{+}$, $Co^{++}$, $_Mn^{++}$, $Ca^{++}$, P $b^{++}$ did not affected enzyme activity. Peculiarly, the enzyme protein precipitated by freezing or addition of ammonium sulfate, urea, sodium chloride and some organic solvents as etanol, methanol, acetone was not dissolved in deionized water or any buffer solution.n.n.ion.n.n.