• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2005

This study presents a method how to estimate the change of stand volume, the stand biomass and the carbon removals, using dynamic stand growth model according to whether the practices for forest management are implemented or not. As a result, it shows that the rate of stand change was significantly high if the practices were implemented. Consequently, the change of carbon removals was also high. The carbon removals at the stand where the practices were not implemented, was estimated about 0.27tC/ha. And the carbon removals at the stand where the practices were implemented, was estimated 166.02tC/ha(thinning from above) and 163.75tC/ha(thinning from below). It is confirmed that the thinning activities has a great influence on the change of carbon removals and there was little difference of the carbon removals between thinning types. From this result, it is proved that forest management like thinning activities is prerequisite condition to improve the carbon removals of stand.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2016

To achieve large-scale carbon removals, a carbon offset project based on forest management was designed and its carbon stock change was estimated in this study. The project was designed for 874 hectares of forests in the Jin-An Leading Forest Management Zone. For estimating the carbon stock change of the project, the Korean Forest Carbon Standard and VCS (Verified Carbon Standard) methodologies were applied. Three types of management options were considered in the project : extension of rotation age, conversion to productive forests, and conversion to selective harvesting. The estimated carbon removals from the project designed in this study were $259,936tCO_2$ ($8,664tCO_2$ annually), which is 98% of estimated carbon removals from the entire 69 projects currently registered to the Forest Carbon Offset Registry in Korea. The results of this study showed that a large-scale carbon offset project based on forest management could have a huge potential to produce carbon offset credits.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.644-651
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• 2007

This study compared and estimated the changes in carbon stocks and emissions of harvested wood products (HWP) by applying FAO statistics and domestic statistics for Korean HWP production, import, and export volume, which is almost always supposed to be included in the carbon emissions and removals inventory by country in negotiations since the 2nd commitment period (2013~2017) of the Kyoto Protocol, for assessing the changes in carbon stocks and emissions of HWP. As a result, when applying FAO statistics to the changes in carbon stocks of HWP as of 2005, stock-change approach (SCA) was estimated at 1.434 Tg C, atmospheric-flow approach (AFA) -1.330 Tg C, and production approach (PA) 0.597 Tg C. When applying Korean statistics, SCA was estimated at 1.246 Tg C, AFA -11.520 Tg C, and PA 0.444 Tg C. When applying FAO statistics to $CO_2$ emissions and removals from HWP, SCA showed a decrease of $-5,258Gg\;CO_2$ (removals), AFA showed an increase of $4,877Gg\;CO_2$ (emissions), and PA showed a decrease of $-2,189Gg\;CO_2$ (removals). When applying Korean statistics, SCA showed a decrease of $-4,569Gg\;CO_2$ (removals), AFA showed an increase of $5,573Gg\;CO_2$ (emissions), and PA showed a decrease of $-1,628Gg\;CO_2$, (removals). Therefore, the application of FAO statistics was shown to be more beneficial for the estimation of both the changes in carbon stocks and emissions of HWP by all methods other than that of Korean statistics.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2017

In this study, it was intended to compare the two methodologies for forest management project through extension of rotation age: Korean Forest Carbon Offset Standard (KFOS) and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). The amount of carbon removals and offset credits based on the two methodologies and their trends were analyzed in this study. The major difference between two methodologies were found at the process of estimation of baseline carbon removals. For instance, average carbon stock during the project period was used for estimation of baseline carbon removals in KFOS, while average carbon stock change during the 100 years was used in VCS. Due to the different approach for estimation of baseline carbon removal, the estimated offset credits were also different according to the two methodologies. In this study, 15 project scenarios were considered for comparison of two methodologies : 5 major coniferous stands in Korea (Pinus densiflora in Gangwon region, Pinus densiflora in Central region, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, Chamaecyparis obtusa) with 3 project periods (30, 35, 40 years). The results showed that estimated carbon offset credits based on the KFOS methodology were higher for all 15 scenarios compared to those based on the VCS methodology. The KFOS showed a steep decline in the annual offset credit as project period gets longer, thus it is not desirable for projects with longer period. VCS is more acceptable for longer projects with a small difference according to the project periods. The results also indicated that Pinus densiflora in Gangwon, Pinus koraiensis, and Larix leptolepis are more desirable species for forest management project through the extension of ration age.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate of carbon stock and greenhouse gas (GHGs) removals by tree species and forest type at Gangwon province. We used a point sampling data with permanent sample plots in national forest inventory and national emission factors. GHGs emissions was caclulated using the stock change method related to K-MRV and IPCC guidance. Total carbon stock and greenhouse gas removals were high in deciduous forest and species than in coniferous. The range of annual net greenhouse gas emissions in other deciduous species was from $-11,564.83Gg\;CO_2\;yr^{-1}$ to $-13,500.60Gg\;CO_2\;yr^{-1}$ during 3 years (2011~2013). On the other hand, coniferous forest was temporally converted to source due to reducing of growing stock in 2012. It was that growing stocks and forest area were likely to reduce by the deforestation and clear cutting. This study did not consider other carbon pools (soil and dead organic matter) due to the lack of data. This study needs to complement the activity data and emission factors, and then will find the way to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the near future.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.257-265
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• 2015

For estimating a net removal of carbon dioxides from a forest carbon offset project, it is necessary to consider secondary emissions occurred from the use of machineries or vehicles. According to the forest carbon standard in Korea, a default rate (5%) could be applied for estimating secondary emissions of small projects, which provide annual net removals less than or equal to $600tCO_2$, while secondary emissions should be estimated for larger projects with field survey. In this study, we intended to develop a methodology for estimating the secondary emission of a forest carbon project. For this purpose, we analyzed the working process and the carbon emissions of the forest management activities for major tree species in Korea. Based on the developed methodology, we estimated the secondary carbon emission of a reforestation project. The result showed that the secondary carbon emission of a reforestation project was estimated between 0.42% and 1.19 % compared to net removals, that is to say that the current default rate in the forest carbon standard could give an overestimated secondary emission.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.398-406
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• 2013

Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province, Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton $CO_2-e$ and 165.5 ton $CO_2-e/ha$. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.

• Carbon letters
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2003

The specific adsorption behaviors of activated carbons (ACs) treated with 30 wt% $H_3PO_4$ or NaOH were investigated in the removals of NO or $NH_3$. The acid and base values were determined by Boehm's titration method. And, the surface properties of ACs were studied by FT-IR and XPS analyses. Also, $N_2/77K$ adsorption isotherm characteristics, including the specific surface area and micropore volume were studied by BET and t-plot methods, respectively. From the adsorption tests of NO and $NH_3$, it was revealed in the case of acidic treatment on ACs that the $NH_3$ removal was more effective due to the increase of acidic functional groups in carbon surfaces. Also, the NO removal was increased, in the case of basic treatment, due to the improvement of basic functional groups, in spite of significant decreases of BET's specific surface area and total pore volume. It was found that the adsorption capacity of ACs was not only determined by the textural characteristics but also correlated with the surface functional groups in the acid-base intermolecular interactions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.110-117
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• 1997

Performances of combined adsorption and coagulation were evaluated as one of the options for pre-treatment or post-treatment of MSW landfills leachate and industrial landfill leachate. The COD and color removals of leachate from an old MSW landfill were 35% and 33% at an alum dose of 300mg/L with preceding PAC(powdered activated carbon) dose of 200mg/L, respectively. The COD and color removals of leachate from an young MSW landfill were 58% and 25% at an alum dose of 700mg/L and PAC dose of 500mg/L, respectively. The COD and color of biologically treated leachate from an industrial waste landfill were removed up to 32% and 68%, respectively, with pH control at addition of 500mgAlum/L and 1,000mgPAC/L. Adsorption and coagulation process with pH control showed better COD and color removals than the process without pH control for biologically treated leachate from an industrial waste landfill. The color removal was influenced greatly by pH control, while COD removal was not significant. No difference in removal efficiency was observed between adsorption-coagulation and coagulation-adsorption process. The COD removal was accomplished mainly by adsorption, while coagulation was a key mechanism of color removal. However, the mechanism of COD removal was obscure, when BOD/COD ratio was high. Maximum net increases in COD and color removals by the adsorption-coagulation process were respectively 45% and 46% compared with the unit process of adsorption or coagulation, although those removals depended on leachate characteristics. Thus, adsorption-coagulation process was considered to be effective for pre- and post-treatment of landfill leachate, and has distinct features of simple, flexible, stable and reliable operation against fluctuation leachate quality and flowrate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.593-598
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• 2014

In this study, we developed the carbon emission factors for 4 major species of warm-temperate region in Korea, and tried to provide their carbon emissions and removals estimates using these carbon emission factors. We selected Castanopsis cuspidata, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta and Quercus glauca as target species and derived their carbon emission factors. The basic wood density that serve as one of the carbon emission factors were 0.583 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.657 for Camellia japonica, 0.833 for Quercus acuta and 0.763 for Quercus glauca and their uncertainties ranged from 5.3 to 17.9%. Biomass expansion factors were calculated as well: 1.386 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 2.621 for Camellia japonica, 1.701 for Quercus acuta and 2.123 for Quercus glauca and associated uncertainties varied from 14.7 to 30.5%. Lastly root-shoot ratios for each species were also determined: 0.454 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.356 for Camellia japonica, 0.191 for Quercus acuta and 0.299 for Quercus glauca with the uncertainties lying within a range from 19.8 to 35.7%. These three carbon emission factors including basic wood density had the uncertainties of less than 40% recommended by FAO. Therefore the application of country-specific emission factors seemed to provide quite accurate estimates of carbon emissions and removals. The estimation of the carbon stored in the 4 species were also conducted which amounted to $186.10tCO_2/ha$ for Castanopsis cuspidata, $280.63tCO_2/ha$ for Camellia japonica, $344.04tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus acuta and $278.91tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus glauca and their annual carbon removals were $6.65tCO_2/ha/yr$, $6.25tCO_2/ha/yr$, $11.70tCO_2/ha/yr$ and $12.29tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively. This systematic assessment of forest resources can be a reliable source of information for managing evergreen broadleaved forest in warm temperate regions and thus serve as useful data for effective decision-making to address vegetation zone shifts due to climate change.