• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.81-89
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• 2011

Low-carbon Green Growth is highlighted as the main issue from in and outof Korea. Recently Korean government and local goverment constructed a master plan and related database. Considering this as a starting point the carbon gross emission has become an important factor in the city planning and management of local goverment unit. This research was focused on the analysis of carbon gross emission and the environment of carbon occurrence using statistics and digital forest map for the Gyeonggi-do. Further research need to analysis the carbon absorption using satellite image for periodic database. These database will be available basic data for the policy making.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.10-15
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• 2009

Emission regulations on greenhouse gas(GHG) in automobiles have been stringent because of global warming effect. Over 90% of total GHG emission are carbon dioxides and about 20% of this $CO_2$ emission are emitted from automobiles. In this study, 110 vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer and $CO_2$ emissions and fuel economy were measured in order to investigate the characteristics of $CO_2$ emission factor from passenger vehicles which are the most dominant vehicle type in Korea. The characteristics of emissions in accordance with displacements, gross vehicle weight, NIER and CVS-75 speed mode were discussed. It was found that vehicles having larger displacement, heavier gross vehicle weight, automatic transmission and specially at cold start emitted more $CO_2$ emissions. From these results, correlation between $CO_2$ emission and fuel economy was also obtained. This study may contribute to evaluate domestic greenhouse gas emissions and establish national policies on climate changes in future.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

As the concerns regarding global worming were increased, the pressure of greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reduction on mobile source was also increased. Carbon dioxides contribute over 90% of total GHG emission and the mobile source occupies about 20% of this $CO_2$ emission. Therefore automotive exhaust is suspected to be one of the major reasons of the rapid increase in greenhouse effect gases in ambient air. In this study, in order to investigate $CO_2$ emission characteristics from gasoline passenger cars(PC), which is the most dominant vehicle type in Korea, 106 vehicles were tested on the chassis dynamometer. $CO_2$ emissions and fuel efficiency were measured. The emission characteristics by displacement, gross vehicle weight, vehicle speed and CVS-75/vehicle speed mode were discussed. Test modes were vehicle speed modes and CVS-75 mode that have been used to develop emission factors and to regulate for light-duty vehicle in Korea. It was found that $CO_2$ emissions showed higher large displacement, heavy gross vehicle weight, low vehicle speed and CVS-75 mode than small displacement, light gross vehicle weight, high vehicle speed and vehicle speed mode, respectively. From these results, correlation between $CO_2$ emission and fuel efficiency was also determined. The results of this study will contribute to domestic greenhouse gas emissions calculation and making the national policy for climate change.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.83-93
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• 2016

PURPOSES : The aim of this article is to compare and identify eco-friendly competitiveness between (regional) motorway and high-speed rail(HSR) from the perspective of $CO_2$ emission in the Republic of Korea. METHODS : In order for an analysis of low-carbon competitiveness between the two modes, $CO_2e$ emission, $CO_2eppk$ (equivalent $CO_2$ gram per passenger kilometer), is employed as a comparison index. As for HSR, the index is calculated based on the passenger transport data and the gross of $CO_2e$ produced by Kyungbu high-speed line in 2013. Additionally, the gross of $CO_2e$ is computed by the greenhouse gas emission factors of domestic electricity generation mix. Regarding the index of motorway, it is directly calculated using both the official $CO_2e$ emission factor and the passenger-car occupancy of motorway. RESULTS : The results revealed, in the case of inter-regional transport, that the $CO_2e$ emission of displacement-based cars is 54.9% less than that of HSR, as the domestic electric power systems heavily relies on the thermal power plants over 66%. Note that internal combustion engines commonly used for vehicles are more energy-efficient than steam-driven turbines usually utilized for thermal power generation. CONCLUSIONS : It can be seen, at the very least in our study, that HSR has no superiority over motorway in the case of $CO_2e$ emission under the situations of domestic electricity generation mix. In addition, advanced eco-friendly vehicles have strong advantages over HSR. Therefore, all-out efforts should be made to develop and harvest renewable energy sources in order to achieve low-carbon HSR, sparing fossil fuels.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

Recently, as carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions have increased overall and contributed to air pollution, and awareness of environmental degradation has grown. This study examines the impacts and causalities of economic globalization, economic growth, energy consumption, and capital formation on CO₂ emissions in China over the period 1971-2014. The vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test on time-series data are employed to observe the interactions between CO₂ emission, economic globalization, and various economic factors, including economic growth, energy consumption, and capital formation, since China's early stage of globalization. The empirical results indicate the existence of bidirectional causalities from economic growth, gross capital formation, economic globalization, and CO₂ emission to energy consumption, and bidirectional casualty from energy consumption to CO₂ emission relationships in the short run. The findings of this study suggest that indirect bidirectional causalities from economic growth, economic globalization, and capital formation to CO₂ emission through energy consumption are observed. Moreover, economic globalization accelerates CO₂ emission in the short run but decreases it in the long run. To reduce CO₂ emissions, and to ensure sustainable economic growth and economic globalization progress, some crucial energy-saving and energy-efficiency policies, regulatory rules, and laws are recommended.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2021

Purpose: This study seeks to establish the environmental damage theory applicable to Kenya. The analysis is based on annual data drawn from World Bank on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) for Kenya spanning 1963 to 2017. Research Methodology: The study adopts explanatory research design and autoregressive distributed lag model for analysis. Results: The results revealed a coefficient of -0.017 for GDPPC and 0.004 for GDPPC squared indicating that economic growth has negative effect on CO2e in the initial stages of growth but positive effect in the high growth regime with the marginal effect being higher in the initial growth regime. The findings suggest a U-shaped relationship consistent with Brundtland Curve Hypothesis (BCH). Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for sustainable development path that enables present generations to meet own needs without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own. Sustainable development may include, investment in renewable energies like wind, solar and adoption of energy efficient technologies in production and manufacturing. The study concludes that BCH is applicable to Kenya and that developing affordable and effective mechanisms to boost sustainable development implementation is necessary to decrease the anthropogenic impact in the environment without any attendant reduction in the economic growth.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2021

Lean combustion was applied to improve the thermal efficiency and emission in a single-cylinder, spark-ignition engine fueled with syngas. Under naturally aspirated conditions, the lean combustion significantly improved the thermal efficiency compared to the stoichiometric combustion, mainly due to the reduction in heat transfer loss. Intake air boost was applied to compensate the low power output of the lean combustion. The gross indicated power of 24.8 kW was achieved by increasing the intake pressure up to 1.6 bar at excess air ratio of 2.2. The nitrogen oxides showed near zero level, but the carbon monoxide emission was significant.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.809-850
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• 2012

A linkage of emissions trading schemes among Korea, China and Japan demonstrates overall increase in gross domestic product (GDP). However, it also demonstrates reductions in household consumption, and the impact of integration could be very unbalanced between the countries. In particular, the reductions in domestic marginal costs are high in both Korea and Japan. Therefore, household consumptions in the two countries decrease despite increases in GDP because Korea and Japan will be purchasers of emissions rights. China, on the other hand, will experience the opposite. The unbalanced impacts on real household consumptions are intensified when emission credits are allocated via paid auctions instead of free allocation. This was demonstrated to be the case because the circumstances of three countries are intensified when using a paid emissions credit allocation scheme, and their differences could potentially hinder the cooperation between the three countries. Under the free allocation scheme, the emission trading schemes' unbalanced impacts on consumption could be mitigated, but unavoidable negative impacts of free allocation schemes are also serious. Based on the analysis results, Korea, China, and Japan will individually face complicated impacts if their carbon markets are integrated. Although the GDP of three countries will increase as a result of carbon market integration, the benefits of integration will surely be unbalanced, and the three countries will experience negative impacts in terms of actual consumption or employment. In particular, increases in income and consumption, reductions in employment, and energy dependence by credit purchasers (Japan and Korea) and production reduction and possibility of offshoring faced by revenue producing countries (China) could serve as a barrier to carbon market integration. To maximize the positive influences of carbon market integration while reducing the risks of negative side effects, the development and application of complimentary policy tools, such as import duties or discounts for emissions credits, are required.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.524-534
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• 2013

Gasoline direct injection(GDI) engine has a high thermal efficiency, but it has a problem to increase carbon emissions such as soot and $CO_x$. In this study, the objective is to analyze numerically a problem for adding the hydrogen during the intake stroke so as to reduce the injected amount of gasoline in GDI engines. For selection of the base model, the cylinder pressure of simulation is matched to experimental data. The numerical analysis are carried out by a CFD model with the hydrogen addition of 2%, 3% and 4% on the volume basis. In the case of 3% hydrogen addition, the injected gasoline amount is only changed to match the maximum pressure of simulation to that of the base model for additional study. It is found that the combustion temperature and pressure increase with the hydrogen addition. And NO emission also increases because of the higher combustion temperature. $CO_x$ emissions, however, are reduced due to the decrease of injected gasoline amount. Also, as the injected gasoline amount is reduced for the same hydrogen addition ratio, the gross indicated work is no significant, But NO and $CO_x$ emissions are considerably decreased. On the order hand, $CO_x$ emissions of two cases are more decreased and their gross indicated works are higher obtained than those of the base model.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2019

This article analyzes causal relationships among gross domestic product(GDP), electricity consumption, carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emission and foreign direct investments(FDI) inflow of Korea over the period from 1976 to 2014, using unit root test, cointegration test, and vector error correction model(VECM). As the results, this article found (1) a long-run bi-directional causality between GDP and electricity consumption, which may imply a negative impact of electricity consumption-saving policy on economic growth, (2) uni-directional short- and long-run causalities running from $CO_2$ emission to GDP, and a uni-directional long-run causality running from $CO_2$ emission to electricity consumption, which can result in a negative impact of $CO_2$ emission reduction policy on economic growth and electricity consumption, (3) a uni-directional long-run causality running from FDI to GDP, and uni-directional short- and long-run causalities running from FDI to electricity consumption, which may result from relatively lower electricity prices than investing countries, (4) no causality between FDI and $CO_2$ emission, which is based on the characteristics of FDI composed of service industries. Considering the above causal relationships among the four variables, the policy implication needs to focus on the electricity demand management based on the relevant R&Ds, and on the gradual transition from fossil fuel- to renewable-energy. Adaptive policy to increase the FDI inflow is also needed.