• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.264-272
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• 1983

실험식이의 에너지수준은 저에너지(3,200kcal/kg) 중에너지(3,600kcal/kg), 고에너지(4,000kcal/kg)로 달리했으며, 저단백질(15%), 중단백질(25%), 고단백질(35%)의 3수준으로 하고, 지방수준은 ME 3,600kcal/kg에 대해서 저지방(10%), 중지방(20%), 고지방(40%)의 3수준으로 정하고 나머지 에너지는 전분과 포도당으로 보충한 9종의 식이에 대한 대사실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 고형물 조단백질 조지방, 탄수화물의 소화율은 저에너지 수준에서 중 고에너지 수준에서보다 훨씬 낮았으며, 중 고에너지 수준사이에 큰 차이가 없었다. 단백질 수준이 높아질수록 고형물과 탄수화물의 소화율은 약간씩 감소되는 경향이었으며, 단백질의 소화율은 증가되는 경향이었다. 조지방의 소화율은 식이 단백질의 영향을 받지 않았으나 에너지 수준이 높을 때 즉 식이에 포함된 지방함량이 높을 때 증가되었으며 암수 모두 같은 경향을 보였다. 각 영양소의 소화율은 고형물 약 83%, 조단백질 90%, 조지방 96%, 탄수화물 93%로서 단백질과 에너지 수준에 따라 거의 차이가 없었으며 암수 간에는 차이가 없었다. 2. 질소 축적율은 암수 모두 식이 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 감소되는 반면 식이 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 증가되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서 단백질 수준은 NRC 사양 표준치에서, 에너지 수준은 그 이상에서 암수 모두 질소 축적율이 가장 높았다. 3. 에너지 이용율은 암쥐의 경우 식이 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 감소되었으며 식이 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 증가되었다. 숫쥐의 경우 식이 단백질 수준이 증가함에 따라 감소되었으나, 암쥐와는 달리 중에너지 수준에서 가장 높았다. 즉 단백질 수준은 암수 모두 NRC 사양 표준치에서 에너지 대사율이 가장 높았으나 에너지 수준은 암쥐의 경우 NRC 사양 표준치 이상에서, 숫쥐의 경우 NRC 사양 표준치에서 각각 가장 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2003

A 6 (accession)${\times}$5 (cutting interval) factorial experiment was conducted over two years to investigate the effect of stage of growth on herbage production, nutritive value and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of Napier grass and Napier grass${\times}$Pearl millet hybrids (hybrid Pennisetum). The purpose of the experiment was to determine the optimum stage of growth to harvest the Pennisetums for ensilage. Two Napier accessions (SDPP 8 and SDPP 19) and four hybrid Pennisetum (SDPN 3, SDPN 29, SDPN 38 and Bana grass) were compared at five harvest intervals (viz. 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks). Basal fertilizers were similar in all treatment plots, although nitrogen (N) top-dressing fertilizer was varied proportionately, depending on the harvesting interval. The application was based on a standard rate of 60 kg N/ha every six weeks. Stage of growth had significant effects on forage yield, WSC content and nutritive value of the Pennisetums. Herbage yields increased in a progressively linear manner, with age. Nutritive value declined as the harvesting interval increased. In particular, crude protein content declined rapidly (p<0.001) from $204g\;kg^{-1}$ DM at 2 weeks to $92g\;kg^{-1}$ DM at 8 weeks of growth. In vitro dry matter digestibility decreased from 728 to $636g\;kg^{-1}$ DM, whilst acid and neutral detergent fibre contents increased from 360 and 704 to 398 and $785g\;kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively. Rapid changes in nutritive value occurred after 6 weeks of growth. The concentration of WSC increased in a quadratic manner, with peaks ($136-182g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) at about 6 weeks. However, the DM content of the forage was low ($150-200g\;DM\;kg^{-1}$) at 6 weeks. Therefore, it was concluded that Pennisetums should be harvested between 6 and 7 weeks, to increase DM content and optimize herbage production without seriously affecting nutritive value and WSC content. Accessions SDPN 29 and SDPP 19 appeared to be most suited for ensilage. It was suggested that WSC content should be incorporated as a criterion in the agronomic evaluation and screening of Pennisetum varieties.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.802-809
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of commercial compound feeds for late finishing Hanwoo steers using detailed chemical analysis and an in vitro rumen fermentation trial. A total of 4 different feeds were selected and used to conduct a chemical analysis for their nutrient contents. The largest variation in nutrients contents among experimental feeds was found in ether extract and the smallest one was found in total digestible nutrients. Commercial feeds C and D had a higher energy value than the others. Even if C and D had a similar feed energy value, the components used to increase energy differed between them (non-fiber carbohydrate [NFC] for C; ether extract for D). In the in vitro trial, no significant difference was observed in dry matter in vitro digestibility and gas production between treatments. However, the highest ammonia concentration (p < 0.05) was observed in C and D feeds. The low acetate to propionate ratio observed in C feeds (p < 0.01) suggested that this feed had high starch based carbohydrates that NFC degrading bacteria used to produce more propionate. It is important to provide nutritional information to farmers so that they can select the appropriate commercial feeds to suit their own feeding strategies. This study might give supporting information to farmers for a more educated, and better, selection of feeds. Further in vivo studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of different commercial feeds on growth performances in late finishing Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1292-1297
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• 1999

A preference test on feed and nutrient intakes were conducted on four male ($1.25{\pm}0.08kg$) and four female ($1.21{\pm}0.15kg$) lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) in captivity. Each animal was kept in individual cages placed in a well-ventilated animal house. The experiment was conducted in two weeks, where the first week was for adaptation to the feeds and the second week for measurements of nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. The feeds offered were kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), long bean (Vigna sinensis) and french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as roughages and proteinaceous feeds; sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and carrot (Daucus carota) as carbohydrate-rich feeds; and commercial rabbit pellet (0.3 cm diameter and 0.5 cm long) as a complete feed. The dry matter (DM) content of each feed in the order mentioned above was 7.1, 6.1, 3.9, 18.5, 6.2 and 87.6%, respectively. Long bean had the highest protein (CP) content (29.7%), while sweet potato had the lowest (6.2%). The CP contents of other feeds were within the range of 14.2 - 25.1%. Among the feeds, carrot had the lowest energy content (3.83 kcal/g) and long bean the highest (4.67 kcal/g). When fresh weight of the feed was considered, the male mouse deer consumed sweet potato the most ($86.3{\pm}12.90g/d$), but the female had a high preference for carrot ($79.2{\pm}9.76g/d$). The other feeds were consumed in lesser amounts. However, in terms of DM of the feed, the amount of commercial pellet consumed was the highest for both male ($45.0{\pm}5.10%$) and female ($44.7{\pm}7.38%$) mouse deer, followed by sweet potato ($33.1{\pm}4.43%$ and $22.4{\pm}7.73%$ for male and female, respectively). Significant (p<0.05) differences in DM, organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) intakes were observed between male and female mouse deer. The male consumed higher amount of DM, OM and GE than the female. The total DM intake was $40.7{\pm}2.24g/d/kg$ $W^{0.75}$ for male and $35.9{\pm}1.72g/d/kg$ $W^{0.75}$ for female mouse deer. Percentage digestibilities of DM, OM, CP and GE were within 72.7~80.8% and were not significantly different between male and female mouse deer. However, male mouse deer had significantly (p<0.05) higher digestible DM, OM and GE intakes than the female. Both male and female mouse deer were in positive nitrogen balance (0.6 g N/d/kg $W^{0.75}$). The male mouse deer gained $7.6{\pm}3.45g/d$, while the female gained $4.3{\pm}2.40g/d$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1233-1237
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• 2001

A study was conducted to determine the effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on the quality of round baled rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. This study was a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a split plot design with 3 replicates. The main plot was 3 harvesting dates at the stage of boot (20 Apr.), heading (29 Apr.) and flowering (14 May). The subplot was wilting day : 0 (unwilted), 0.5 and 1 day (0, 1, and 2 days at boot stage). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of rye silage were significantly greater than those of rye before ensiling, but crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were vice versa. Buffering capacity (BC) of rye harvested at flowering stage was decreased from 264 to 202 meq/kg at 1 day wilting, however, it was increased when harvested at boot or heading stage. The pH in wilted silage was the highest while that of flowering stage was the lowest. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of wilting rye was lower than that of unwilted, and the lowest at late harvesting stage. All plots had minimal WSC content for silage fermentation. Wilting treatment and delayed harvesting date caused an increase in dry matter (DM) content of round bale silage. The content of ammonia-N expressed as a portion of total N showed negative correlation with DM content. High quality silage according to ammonia-N content could be obtained from mid-harvest with wilting. There were highly significant differences in each organic acid between harvesting dates and wilting periods. Acetic and butyric acid contents were increased with delayed harvesting and prolonged wilting period, the lactic acid content, however, was decreased. This study demonstrated that harvest of rye from heading to flowering stage with wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality rye silage using round bale system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1238-1244
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• 2001

Two calorimetric experiments were performed to investigate the effects of two diets with same concentrate: roughage ratio (70:30) but varying in composition on energy metabolism and methane production in faunated (F) and defaunated (DF) Muzaffarnagari sheep. For experiment I, ten animals were divided equally into two groups of which one was kept normally F as such while other was DF using 10% sodium lauryl sulphate. All the animals were offered diet I which comprised of oat hay and concentrate mixture I (CM I) containing maize grain (93%) as a major ingredient in 70:30 ratio. Similarly, the experiment II was conducted for which four F and four DF sheep (same as used for experiment I) were switched to diet II that consisted of maize hay and CM II (maize grain 59% + molasses 36%). Through diet II, DM intake in DF sheep was significantly (p<0.05) lower. Intake of GE through both the diets was similar in F and DF sheep. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and GE and also metabolisability (ME/GE) was similar in F and DF sheep on both the diets. Total urinary energy loss did not differ in F and DF on both the diets, but methane energy loss as a percent of GE in DF was significantly (p<0.05) lower on diet I (3.75 vs 2.48), while it did not differ on diet II (3.20 vs 3.60). Heat production was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in DF on both the diets. Although, efficiency of utilisation of ME for maintenance calculated as per ARC (1984) did not differ in F and DF on both the diets, efficiency for maintenance and growth was higher (0.60 vs 0.672) on diet I in DF. It was inferred that methane production in DF sheep reduces on good quality hay-based diet supplemented with slowly fermentable carbohydrate (maize grain) but supplementation of molasses (rapidly fermentable CHO) nullify this effect when sheep were fed diets with concentrate: roughage ratio of 70:30.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1997

Cage layer waste and sudex grass were ensiled in the proportions of 0:100, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 wet basis, respectively. The influence of ensiling cage layer waste on Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, and total number of colony forming units (CFU) was investigated. The nutritive value of the silages was evaluated in a digestion trial. The experiment was conducted with 24 wethers allotted to four silages. Initial samples of cage layer waste showed $0.11{\times}10^6$ CFU and salmonellae, Shigella and Proteus were present. Ensiling was effective in complete elimination of all the pathogens. Dry matter, crude protein and ash contents were increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste in the silages ($358g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $484g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; $76.3g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $183.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $38.5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $169.4g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; DM basis, respectively). Water solubles carbohydrate values for silages were 38.3, 22.5, 20.1 and $20.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis, respectively. Ensiling decreased the pH values for all the silages and the decrease was higher for sudex grass ensiled alone than grass ensiled with cage layer waste. Lactic acid concentration in silages increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and CP for the animals fed sudex grass silage alone were 496.0, 516.1, $496.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis respectively. However, digestibilities of all the components were higher (p < 0.01) for the animals fed silages containing cage layer waste. Among waste containing diets, the digestibilities of all the components showed quadratic affect (p < 0.01), increased for silages containing 30 and 40% cage layer waste and decreased when the level of waste increased from 40 to 50%. The results indicated that cage layer waste can be used upto 40% in ruminant diet as a source of N without any adverse effect on the health of animals. Ensiling appeared to be feasible and effective method for eliminating the pathogen present in cage layer waste.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2017

Objective: The use of locally produced forage (LPF) in cattle production has economic and environmental advantages over imported forage. The objective of this study was to characterize the nutritional value of LPF commonly used in Korea. Differences in ruminal fermentation characteristics were also examined for the LPF species commonly produced from two major production regions: Chungcheong and Jeolla. Methods: Ten LPF (five from each of the two regions) and six of the most widely used imported forages originating from North America were obtained at least three times throughout a year. Each forage species was pooled and analyzed for nutrient content using detailed chemical analysis. Ruminal fermentation characteristics were also determined by in vitro anaerobic incubations using strained rumen fluid for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. At each incubation time, total gas, pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were measured. By fitting an exponential model, gas production kinetics were obtained. Results: Significant differences were found in the non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) content among the forage species and the regions (p<0.01). No nutrient, other than NFC, showed significant differences among the regions. Crude protein, NFC, and acid detergent lignin significantly differed by forage species. The amount of acid detergent insoluble protein tended to differ among the forages. The forages produced in Chungcheong had a higher amount of NFC than that in Jeolla (p<0.05). There were differences in ruminal fermentation of LPF between the two regions and interactions between regions and forage species were also significant (p<0.05). The pH following a 48-h ruminal fermentation was lower in the forages from Chungcheong than from Jeolla (p<0.01), and total VFA concentration was higher in Chungcheong than in Jeolla (p = 0.05). This implies that fermentation was more active with the forages from Chungcheong than from Jeolla. Analysis of gas production profiles showed the rate of fermentation differed among forage species (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the nutritional values of some LPF (i.e., corn silage and Italian ryegrass) are comparable to those of imported forages widely used in Korea. This study also indicated that the nutritional value of LPF differs by origin, as well as by forage species. Detailed analyses of nutrient composition and digestion kinetics of LPF should be routinely employed to evaluate the correct nutritional value of LPF and to increase their use in the field.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.382-390
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• 1995

우리나라 서남부평야지의 숙답과 간척답간 미질의 변이정도를 비교하기 위하여 각 지역별 표준 재배법에 따라 재배한 동률벼의 생육 및 수량특성과 미질특성을 비교 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간장은 간척지에서는 지역간 변이폭이 1~2cm였으나 숙답에서는 4~5cm로 컸으며, m$^2$당 수수는 숙답에 비하여 간척답에서 많았으나, m$^2$당 수수, 등숙비율 및 천입중은 간척답에 비하여숙답에서 많거나 높은 편이었다. 2. 쌀수량은 숙답평균(511kg/10a)에 비하여 간척답이 12%정도 감수경향이었고, 숙답에서는 대전(511kg/10a)이, 간척답에서는 영암(530kg/10a)이 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다. 3. 현미 완전입율은 숙답의 쌀이 놓았고 미숙입과 피해입은 간척지 쌀이 많아, 외관상 미질은 숙답의 쌀이 우수한 경향이었다. 4. 전분함량과 알칼리 붕괴도는 숙답미에 미하여 간척답미가 높았고, 단백질과 지방 및 아밀로스 함량은 간척미가 낮았다. 5. 간척답미가 숙답미에 비하여 Ca, Mg,Na 및 K등 무기성분 함량이 높았고 Mg/K 및 Na/K 비율이 높은 경향이었다. 6. 호화개시온도는 지역간 및 숙답과 간척답간에 큰 차이는 없었으나 최고점도, 최저점도 및 강하정도는 대체로 간척답미가 높은 경향이었으며, 외관상 쌀품질은 숙답미에 비하여 간척답쌀이 떨어지는 편이었으나 식미는 약간 우수한 경향이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.950-956
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation and chemical composition of fresh rice straw silage was evaluated in this study. Methods: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from good crop silage were screened by growing them in MRS broth and a minimal medium with low carbohydrate content. Selected LAB (LAB 1821) were Gram-positive, rods, catalase negative, and were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum based on their biochemical characteristics and a 16S rRNA analysis. Fresh rice straw was ensiled with two isolated LAB (1821 and 1841), two commercial inoculants (HM/F and P1132) and no additive as a control. Results: After 2 months of storage at ambient temperature, rice straw silages treated with additives were well-preserved, the pH values and butyric and acetic acid contents were lower, and the lactic acid content and lactic/acetic acid ratio were higher than those in the control (p<0.05). Acidity (pH) was lowest, and lactic acid highest, in 1821-treated silage (p<0.05). The $NH_3-N$ content decreased significantly in inoculant-treated silage (p<0.05) and the $NH_3-N$ content in 1821-treated silage was lowest among the treatments. The dry matter (DM) content of the control silage was lower than that of fresh rice straw (p<0.05), while that of the 1841- and p1174-inoculant-treated silages was significantly higher than that of HM/F-treated silage. Microbial additives did not have any significant (p>0.05) effect on acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber contents. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) increased after inoculation of LAB 1821 (p<0.05). Conclusion: LAB 1821 increased the CP, IVDMD, lactic acid content and ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid in rice straw silage and decreased the pH, acetic acid, $NH_3-N$, and butyric acid contents. Therefore, adding LAB 1821 improved the fermentation quality and feed value of rice straw silage.