• 대한위암학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한위암학회 2003년도 제16회 추계학술대회
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• pp.3-3
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• 2003

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2001

Purpose: Three subgroups of stage II stomach cancer (T1N2M0, T2N1M0, T3N0M0) by UICC-TNM staging system show obvious survival difference to each other, which becomes the pitfall of the current staging system. We analyzed the survival and relapse pattern of stage II stomach cancer patients in three subgroups retrospectively to prove the need for change in staging system. Materials and Methods: From July 1989 to December 1995, curative gastric resection was performed in 1,037 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, and among them 268 patients ($26\%$) were in stage II. The number in each of subgroups (T1N2M0, T2N1M0, and T3N0M0) were 17, 139 and 112 respectively. Survival and relapse pattern were analyzed and median follow up period was 46 months. Results: The 3-year cumulative survival rates of T1N2M0, T2N1M0, and T3N0M0 were $50\%,\;80\%,\;and\;76\%$ respectively (p=0.001). And the 3-year cumulative survival rates of T1N2M0 was comparable to those of 2 subgroups of stage IIIa (T2N2M0, T3N1M0), $47\%\;and\;45\%$ (p>0.05). Peritoneal recurrence was the most frequent in T3N0M0. And hematogenous spread was more frequent in T2N1M0 while nodal spread was more frequent in T1N2M0. Ten out of 17 cases of T1N2M0 died of recurrence. Most of them showed submucosal tumor with depressed lesion and mean tumor size was 3.3 cm. Conclusions: Up-staging of T1N2M0 should be considered because it has the lowest survival rate and the worst prognosis among the three subgroups of Stage II stomach cancer patients. In early gastric cancer patients with high-risk factors (large tumor size, invasion into the submucosal layer, and lymphatic vessel involvement), lymph node dissection and postoperative adjuvant therapy is recommended in an attempt to prevent recurrence in the form of lymph node metastasis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2005

목적: 본 연구에서는 제5판 UICC (International Union Against Cancer) 림프절 병기와 일본 위암 학회 림프절 병기를 분석하여 병기별 분포와 예후의 차이점을 알아보고자 하였다. 그리고 UICC N3M0 위암 환자들을 여러 림프절 전이군으로 분류하여 예후 예측에서 효용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1990년 2월부터 2000년 5월까지 지방공사 서울 의료원 및 한림대학교 성심병원에서 진행 위암으로 근치적 절제 수술을 받은 환자 197예를 대상으로 하여 두 가지 병기의 연관성 및 예후 예측의 차이를 분석하였다. 그리고 UICC N3M0군으로 분류된 58예를 세 가지의 림프절 병기 분류 방법으로 분석하였다. 결과: UICC 림프절 병기 N1, N2, N3의 5년 생존율은 각각 62.9%, 33.0%, 21.2%였다. 일본 위암 학회 림프절 병기 n1, n2의 5년 생존율은 각각 61.2%, 25.3%였다 N3M0군에서 일본 위암 학회 병기 n1의 5년 생존율이 각각 62.5%였고, 전이 림프절 비율 0.5 미만, 전이 림프절 수 26개 미만인 군에서는 각각 33.0%, 22.9%로 통계학적으로 의미 있게 0.5이상, 26개 이상의 군보다 좋은 예후를 보였다(P=0.018, 0.021). 결론: UICC 림프절 병기 체계는 예후 예측 능력에서 일본식 림프절 병기보다 더 우수했다. N3M0 병기 위암환자에서 전이 림프절 비율, 전이 림프절 수는 의미 있는 예후 인자였다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.992-998
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• 2004

배경 및 목적: 식도암의 병기 결정은 병변의 절제 가능성 여부를 결정하고 환자의 예후를 예측하는 데 지대한 영향을 미친다. 흉부 전산화 단층 촬영(Computerized Tomography, CT)은 식도암의 병기 결정을 위해 현재까지 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 진단 방법 중의 하나이지만, 다양한 위양성 및 위음성 소견에 의해 제한점들이 보고되고 있다. 이에 본 저자는 수술 전 식도암의 병기 결정에 있어서 흉부 CT의 유용성에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 1월부터 2003년 6월까지 식도 편평 상피 세포 암으로 진단받고 수술을 시행한 환자 114예를 대상으로 수술 전 CT에 의한 병기와 수술 후 조직 소견에 의한 병기를 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. CT 진단에 의한 주변 조직 침습, 림프절 침범, 그리고 원위부 전이 여부 등을 관찰하고, 이를 수술 후 조직 병리 소견과 비교함으로써, 이들의 진단에 대한 CT의 민감도(Sensitivity), 특이도(Specificity), 정확도(Accuracy) 및 일치도(Reproducibility)를 구하였다. 일치도는 Z-test를 시행하여 통계적 유의성을 평가하였다. 결과: 식도암의 CT에 의한 병기와 조직 병리 소견에 의한 병기의 일치도는 원발성 종양의 국소 침윤의 경우 0.32 (p<0.01), 림프절 전이에 대하여는 0.36 (p<0.01)이었으며, 원위부 장기에 대한 전이 여부에 대하여는 0.62 (p<0.01)이었다. 림프절 전이나 원거리 전이에 대한 CT와 조직 병리 소견의 일치도는 종양의 국소 침윤에 대한 일치도보다 우수하였다. 원발성 종양의 주변 장기 침습에 대한 CT의 정확도는 71군(78.9%)과 72군 (62.3%)에 비해 73군(65.8%)과 74군(98.2%)에서 우수하였다. 또한 식도암의 국소 종양 침윤에 대한 CT진단은 각 병기별로 민감도에 비해 특이도가 높았다. 결론: 식도암의 병기 결정에 있어 CT진단은 종양에 의한 식도 벽의 침습 정도를 파악하는 것보다 주위 조직이나 장기, 그리고 림프절의 전이를 파악하는데 더 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5331-5335
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the tumor-free and overall survival rates between patients with low-risk endometrial cancer who underwent surgical staging and those who did not undergo surgical staging. Materials and Methods: Data, including demographic characteristics, grade of the tumor, myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, peritoneal washing, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular space invasion, postoperative complication, adjuvant treatment, cancer recurrence, and tumor-free and overall survival rates, for patients with low-risk endometrioid endometrial cancer who were treated surgically with and without pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection (LND) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients diagnosed with endometrioid endometrial cancer including the following criteria were considered low-risk: 1) a grade 1 (G1) or grade 2 (G2) endometrioid histology; 2) myometrial invasion of <50% upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); 3) no stromal glandular or stromal invasion upon MRI; and 4) no evidence of intra-abdominal metastasis. Then the patients at low-risk were divided into two groups; group 1 (n=117): patients treated surgically with pelvic and paraaortic LND and group 2 (n=170): patients treated surgically without pelvic and paraaortic LND. Results: There was no statistical significance when the groups were compared in terms of lymphovascular space invasion, cervical involvement, positive cytology, and recurrence, whereas the administration of an adjuvant therapy was higher in group 2 (p<0.005). The number of patients with positive pelvic nodes and the number of metastatic pelvic nodes were significantly higher in the group with positive LVI than in the group without LVI (p<0.005). No statistically significant differences were detected between the groups in terms of tumor-free survival (p=0.981) and overall survival (p=0.166). Conclusions: Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and stage-adapted postoperative adjuvant therapy without pelvic and/or paraaortic lymphadenectomy may be safe and efficient treatments for low-risk endometrial cancer.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.319-330
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• 2017

Introduction: The extent of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer is a topic of controversy among surgeons. This study was conducted to analyze the American National Cancer Database (NCDB) and conclude the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods: The NCDB for gastric cancer was utilized. Patients who received at least a partial gastrectomy were included. Patients with metastatic disease, unknown TNM stages, R1/R2 resection, or treated with a palliative intent were excluded. Joinpoint regression was used to identify the extent of lymphadenectomy that reflects the optimal survival. Cox regression analysis and Bayesian information criterion were used to identify significant survival predictors. Kaplan-Meier was applied to study overall survival and stage migration. Results: 40,281 patients of 168,377 met the inclusion criteria. Joinpoint analysis showed that dissection of 29 nodes provides the optimal median survival for the overall population. Regression analysis reported the cutoff ${\geq}29$ to have a better fit in the prognostic model than that of ${\geq}15$. Dissection of ${\geq}29$ nodes in the higher stages provides a comparable overall survival to the immediately lower stage. Nonetheless, the retrieval of ${\geq}15$ nodes proved to be adequate for staging without a significant stage migration compared to ${\geq}29$ nodes. Conclusion: The extent of lymphadenectomy in gastric adenocarcinoma is a marker of improved resection which reflects in a longer overall survival. Our analysis concludes that the dissection of ${\geq}15$ nodes is adequate for staging. However, the dissection of 29 nodes might be needed to provide a significantly improved survival.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1469-1472
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• 2016

Cancer pathology reports play an important role in choice of patient care. They provide crucial information concerning diagnosis, therapy options, and prognosis. Professional pathology institutions, such as the College of American Pathologists (CAP), have developed checklists to ensure the presence of all the required elements in reports. In this study, 438 surgical pathology reports of patients with breast (148), colon (147), and stomach cancer (143) were evaluated with respect to the presence of mandated elements according to CAP checklists. The most common missing element in all the three types of cancer was 'staging' (73.6, 53.1, and 56.6% in breast, colon, and stomach cancer reports missed 'staging', respectively). The second most missing element was 'tumor site' in breast (64.2%) and stomach cancer (30.1%), and 'procedure' in colon cancer (29.3%). 'Perineural invasion' was the third most missing element in the three types of cancer (25.7, 17.0, and 22.4% in breast, colon, and stomach cancer, respectively). Only 11.4% of reports included all key elements required by CAP. The use of checklists was associated with higher rate of completeness. This study demonstrates that the key elements requiring the information on the requisition forms from the clinicians are commonly missed, leading to ambiguity.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.243-246
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• 1999

Currently, dissection of the axillary or regional lymph nodes is considered the standard staging procedure in breast cancer. However, accumulating evidence is becoming available that the sentinel node concept may provide the same or even better staging information. In the case of melanoma, it is proven that the histological characteristics of the sentinel node reflect the histological characteristics of the distal part of the lymphatic basin. Morbidity can be reduced significantly by the use of sentinel node dissection as several authors have reported successful introduction of this technique into clinical practice. But in breast cancer patients, there are signigicant differences in practice relating to the technology, such as radiopharmaceuticals, injection sites, volume of injectate, combination with vital blue dye, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, etc. Valuable reports on these topics appeared in recent journals. This review is a summary of those reports for nuclear physicians interested in sentinel node detection by lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients.

• Journal of Breast Cancer
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.463-467
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• 2018

Metastasis from primary cancer to the thyroid is uncommon in breast cancer. Here we present a case of lobular breast carcinoma that metastasized to the thyroid. A 54-year-old woman without symptoms was admitted to our institution for staging of the lymph node above the left clavicle. An $^{18}F$-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography scan was performed for staging, and low uptakes were observed in the left supraclavicular and cervical lymph nodes. High uptake was seen in the posterior and lower left lobe of the thyroid. Histologic findings indicated lobular breast carcinoma (positive GATA3, loss of E-cadherin expression) metastatic to the thyroid with a luminal profile. Immunohistochemical analysis was negative for primary thyroid or parathyroid carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient presenting a metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma in the thyroid and lymph nodes without a prior diagnosis of breast cancer.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2016

The barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) staging systemis regarded as the optimal staging system to predict prognosis and guide treatmentfor hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) .According to the BCLC classification, only patients with BCLC A stage should undergo liver resection. In contrast, patients with intermediate-advanced HCC should be scheduled for palliative therapies,such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and target therapy, even if the lesion is resectable. More and more studies report good short-term and long-term outcomes in patients with intermediate-advanced HCC treated by radical resection and many patients benefited from curative resection. The aim of this review was to evaluate the role of surgery beyond the BCLC recommendations. A revision of the BCLC algorithm should be proposed.