• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2002

Paraquat (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyrrimidinium-dichlorides (PQ): MW 186.6) has been used to killing verierty of hubside plants. For this study were use Sprague-dawely rats (190$\pm$10 gm) and injection 40 mg/kg BW of paraquat (LD$_{50}$) to 24 hrs PQ and 4 days PQ group excepte normal control. For the measurement of blood calcium Ino-phosphorus and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by HITTACH 746. In serum phosphoruse of normal control were 8.0$\pm$1.2 mg/dl and 24 hrs PQ group were 8.9$\pm$1.0 mg/dl (P<0.05) and 4 days PQ group were 8.8$\pm$0.42 gmm/dl (P<0.05). In serum phosphorus were very sensitive uptaked to 10% within only 24 hours, but 4 days of PQ were similar uptake level than 24 hrs PQ. So this 8.9 mg/dl of sem phosphorus may be thought threshold level becouse does not more encrease. In blood calcium normal of rats were measured 9.51$\pm$0.3 mg/dl and 24 hrs of PQ group were 9.9$\pm$0.51 mg/dl (uptaked 4.5%, p>0.05). This uptake cannot fined meaning mathmatic statistics but 4 days PQ groups of calcium were 10.43$\pm$0.37 gm/dl (uptaked 10%, p<0.05). That 24 hrs PQ groups of caclium dose not reacted sensitive to irritated by PQ. So, when use oxidants of PQ, the blood calcium and Ino-phosphorus were linear correlated uptake that reasone thought may be move out form hardness bone tissue to in blood it does not take feeding to hunger for 4 days. In ALP normal of rats were measured 991$\pm$106 unit/L. In 24 hrs irritated PQ rats were fall down by 629$\pm$91 unit/L (P<0.001) but in 4 days of PQ rats were 792$\pm$85 unit/L (P<0.0011) that the activity of level were mild recovered activity from 629 unit (63%) to 792 unit (80%). So, that the reasone of ALP were very sensitive activity and reverse correlated to blood calcium or phosphorus irritated by PQ.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.601-607
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• 1996

Nineteen non-insulin-dependent diabetic(NIDD) and healthy control women were investigated to study the relationship between glycemic control and the level of calcium, zinc, and magnesium in the serum and urine. Urinary calcium, zinc and magnesium levels in the NIDD women were significantly higher(p<0.01) than those of the control women. There were no difference in serum magnesium and zinc levels between the two groups, but se겨m calcium level was lower(p<0.01) in the NIDD women compared to that of the control group. In the NIDD women, serum magnesium was negatively related to fasting blood glucose(r=-0.533 : p<0.05), urinary glucose(r=-0.767 ; P<0.001), urinary protein(r=-0.476 : p<0.05), and urine volume(r=-0.571 : p<0.05). The levels of zinc in both serum (r=0.515, p<0.05) and urine(r=0.623 : p<0.01) were related to urinary protein but only urinary zinc level(r=0.570 : p<0.01) was related to serum albumin. Urinary magnesium, not calcium was correlated with the urinary glucose(r=0.563 : p<0.05) and urinary protein(r=0.568 ; p<0.05). Fasting blood glucose was positively correlated with duration of diabetes, as well as dietary fat and calorie intake. The results of this study suggest that NIDD alters all magnesium, zinc, and calcium utilization, particularly magnesium is involved in glycemic control in this condition.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.95-99
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• 2008

Calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) is an intracellular second messenger associated with neuronal plasticity of the central nervous system. The calcium-binding proteins regulate the $Ca^{2+}$-mediated signals in the cytoplasm and buffer the calcium concentration. This study examined temporal changes of three calcium-binding proteins (calretinin, calbindin and parvalbumin) in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) during vestibular compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) in rats. Rats underwent UL, and the changes in the expression of these proteins at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h were examined by immuno-fluorescence staining. The expression levels of all three proteins increased immediately after UL and returned to the control level by 48 h. However, the level of calretinin showed changes different from the other two proteins, being expressed at significantly higher level in the contralateral MVN than in the ipsilateral MVN 2 h after UL, whereas the other two proteins showed similar expression levels in both the ipsilateral and contralateral MVN. These results suggest that the calcium binding proteins have some protective activity against the increased $Ca^{2+}$ levels in the MVN. In particular, calretinin might be more responsive to neuronal activity than calbindin or parvalbumin.

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.485-492
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• 2018

Background: Increasing evidence supports interplay between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone (PTH), which may aggravate cardiovascular complications in various heart diseases. Negative structural cardiovascular remodeling by primary aldosteronism (PA) is also suspected to be associated with changes in calcium levels. However, to date, few clinical studies have examined how changes in calcium and PTH levels influence cardiovascular outcomes in PA patients. Therefore, we investigated the impact of altered calcium homeostasis caused by excessive aldosterone on cardiovascular parameters in patients with PA. Methods: Forty-two patients (mean age $48.8{\pm}10.9$ years; 1:1, male:female) whose plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity ratio was more than 30 were selected among those who had visited Severance Hospital from 2010 to 2014. All patients underwent adrenal venous sampling with complete access to both adrenal veins. Results: The prevalence of unilateral adrenal adenoma (54.8%) was similar to that of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Mean serum corrected calcium level was $8.9{\pm}0.3mg/dL$ (range, 8.3 to 9.9). The corrected calcium level had a negative linear correlation with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD, ${\rho}=-0.424$, P=0.031). Moreover, multivariable regression analysis showed that the corrected calcium level was marginally associated with the LVEDD and corrected QT (QTc) interval (${\beta}=-0.366$, P=0.068 and ${\beta}=-0.252$, P=0.070, respectively). Conclusion: Aldosterone-mediated hypercalciuria and subsequent hypocalcemia may be partly involved in the development of cardiac remodeling as well as a prolonged QTc interval, in subjects with PA, thereby triggering deleterious effects on target organs additively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 1984

The blood components of diabetic patients who visited S- hospital in seoul from January 1982 to June 1983 were compared with the reference levels. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of diabetic patients were significantly lower than the reference. The diabetic patients showed 2-3 times higher levels of fasting blood glucose and postprandial -2 hours blood sugar. Levels of blood urine nitrogen and creatine were also significantly higher in the diabetes mellitus and the levels of potassium sodium and chlorine showed no differences although these were decreased gradually in older patients. Lower serum calcium levels were seen in the diabetic patients and this change was more significant at the ages higher than 40. The effect of an active vitamin D on serum-Ca level in diabetic patients was studied in comparison to that of non- diabetic persons. The serum calcium levels were slightly increased in control and insulin- dependent diabetic patients after a week- intake of 1,000mg calcium a day, while the intake of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ( 1,000 IU per day ) did not increase the serum calcium levels of these groups. Insulin - independent diabetic patients showed the rather lower serum calcium levels after a week- intake of 1,000mg calcium per day. However, the levels were increased after 2-weeks intake of the calcium and a week-in-take of the active vitamin D(1,000 IU/day ). This effect of vitamin D was seen in the groups with lower intake of calcium(500mg/day ) but not in the groups with 1,000mg calcium intake a day.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.532-540
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• 2001

This study explored the effect of calcium levels and/or ovariectomy on bone composition and its related factors using the female Sprague-Dawley rats which achieved peak bone mass in normal(0.5%) calcium intake during growth period. The rats were randomly divided into six groups and fed 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.5% calcium diets for 8 weeks after ovariectomized and sham operation. The results indicated that body weight gain was higher in ovariectomized groups than sham groups, regardless of dietary calcium levels and food intakes. Serum Ca and P concentrations were normal level regardless of dietary calcium levels and operation. Estrogen concentration was decreased in ovariectomized rat groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline were increased in ovariectomized groups. When rats were fed normal Ca diet during growing period, weight, length and breaking force of femur were not significantly different in all groups but increased the same level. Generally, lipid contents in lumbar and femur were lower in low calcium groups and this effect was more pronounced in femur. In case of femur, the significant decrease in Ca contents of bone was observed in a relatively short period of feeding low Ca diet, even though it appeared th desirable peak bone mass had achieved through the growing period by supplementing the adequate amount of calcium. The marked decrease of estrogen levels after ovariectomy did not seem to influence greatly bone parameters measured except bone wet weight. Therefore, this study indicated that lower intake of Ca might be more important determinating factor against osteoporosis than postmenopausal state stimulated by ovariectomy in female rats. With normal or high intake of Ca it appears possible to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal period, and this might apply only in case of achieving peak bone mass in the growing with the adequate intake of calcium. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 532∼540, 2001)

• Biomaterials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.346-351
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• 2018

Background: Carbonate apatite ($CO_3Ap$) and silica-calcium phosphate composite (SCPC) are bone substitutes with good prospect for dental application. SCPC creates a hydroxyapatite surface layer and stimulate bone cell function while, $CO_3Ap$ induce apatite crystal formation with good adaptation providing good seal between cement and the bone. Together, these materials will add favorable properties as a pulp capping material to stimulate mineral barrier and maintain pulp vitality. The aim of this study is to investigate modification of $CO_3Ap$ cement combined with SCPC, later term as $CO_3Ap-SCPC$ cement (CAS) in means of its chemical (Calcium release) and physical properties (setting time, DTS and pH value). Methods: The study consist of three groups; group 1 (100% calcium hydroxide, group 2 $CO_3Ap$ (60% DCPA: 40% vaterite, and group 3 CAS (60% DCPA: 20% vaterite: 20% SCPC. Distilled water was employed as a solution for group 1, and $0.2mol/L\;Na_3PO_4$ used for group 2 and group 3. Samples were evaluated with respect to important properties for pulp capping application such as pH, setting time, mechanical strength and calcium release evaluation. Results: The fastest setting time was in $CO_3Ap$ cement group without SCPC, while the addition of 20% SCPC slightly increase the pH value but did not improved the cement mechanical strength, however, the mechanical strength of both $CO_3Ap$ groups were significantly higher than calcium hydroxide. All three groups released calcium ions and had alkaline pH. Highest pH level, as well as calcium released level, was in the control group. Conclusion: The CAS cement had good mechanical and acceptable chemical properties for pulp capping application compared to calcium hydroxide as a gold standard. However, improvements and in vivo studies are to be carried out with the further development of this material.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.530-540
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the life style, self-efficacy, and Bone Marrow Density (BMD) in osteoporosis female patients. The subjects were recruited at the four Osteoporosis Clinics. A convenience sample of 190 women completed a survey instrument which included the Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Life Style Questionnaire and demographic items. BMD of L$_4$ was measured by Dual Photon Absor photiometry. The sample ranged in age from 40 to 82 years (Mean＝60.28). Eighty-one percent were married and 14.9% were widowed. Forty-four percent lived with their spouse and children. Excercise, diet, medication, alcohol consumption, and smoking were measured to investigate the life style. Fifty-seven percent of the subjects exercised regularly. Mountain climbing, brisk walking, and free gymnastics were frequently cited excercises by the subjects in this study. Sixty percent drank one cup of milk and 34.7% had 1.13 cups of coffee in a day. Thirty-nine percent used calcium supplements, 9.5% drank alcohol, and 3.2% smoked cigarettes. Economic status and education level were related to self-efficacy. Age, economic status, and education level were related to BMD. As a life style, exercise, diet(milk, ice cream, and coffee), and medication(calcium) were associated with self-efficacy. The subjects who exercised regularly and took calcium supplements for a longer time had a higher level of self-efficacy than those who did not. Smoking and alcohol consumption had no relationship with self-efficacy. Excercise, medication(calcium), and alcohol consumption were related to BMD. The subjects who took calcium supplements for a longer time had a higher level of BMD. Alcohol consumption was not related to self-efficacy but related to BMD. The subject who drank alcohol had a higher level of BMD than those who did not drink. The amount of alcohol consumption was positively related to BMD.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2004

The osteoporosis is a disease characterized by lower bone mineral content, deterioration of bone tissue and a reduction in the protein and mineral matrix of the bone. The bone becomes more porous leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture, particularly of the hip, spine and wrist. Osteoporosis can result in disfigurement, lowered self·esteem, reduction or loss of mobility, and decreased independence. Adequate calcium intake through milk and milk products in childhood and adolescence is a decisive marker for obtaining a maximum bone mass (peak adult bone mass) and f3r the prevention of osteoporosis. Calcium is one of the most critical nutrients associated with the osteoporosis. Dietary calcium is of great significance for healthy skeletal growth and development. The bone mineral content and bone mineral density of young adults is directly related to the calcium intake through milk and dairy products. Milk and milk products are the important sources of calcium as the richness and bioavailability of this nutrient is very high as compared to other food products. If enough calcium is not supplemented through diet, calcium from the bone will be depleted to maintain the blood plasma calcium level. The article focuses on the various issues related to osteoporosis manifestation and the role of dietary calcium especially calcium derived from dairy products.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium intake on lipid contents and enzyme activities in rats of different ages. Lipid levels in serum and liver and GOT, CPK and LDH activities in serum were compared in rats of different ages(4 weeks and 10 months) that were fed various levels of calcium(50, 100, 200% of requirement)for 3 weeks. Body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were significantly higher in young rats than in adults. Serum calcium level was increased by elevation of calcium intake levels were decreased. Liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the high-cal-terol and triglyceride levels were decreased. Liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the high calcium group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Serum GOT and LDH activities of adults were significantly higher in low-calcium group than those in adequate/high-calcium groups. However, serum CPK activity of adults was significantly higher in high-calcium group than that in low/adequate-calcium groups. The results of this study suggest that adequate calcium intake may have protective effects ont he alteration of lipid and enzyme activity in rats.