• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2020

본 연구는 과제기반 설문조사를 통해 중고령자의 스마트폰 사용수준을 구분하고, 사용수준과 지역사회참여의 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 연구대상은 강원도와 전라도 지역에 소재한 노인시설에 방문하는 55세 이상 100명을 대상으로 진행되었다. 스마트폰 사용수준을 평가하기 위해 과제기반 설문지를 실시하고, 설문결과를 바탕으로 0~3점 'C' 수준, 4~7점 'B' 수준, 8점 이상 'A' 수준으로 재분류하여 평가하였다. 자료 처리는 SAS 9.4를 이용하였다. 총 97명의 데이터가 결과분석에 포함되었으며, 스마트폰 사용자가 85명(87.6%)로 높게 나타났다. 상관분석 결과, 스마트폰 사용수준과 지역사회참여도에 유의미한 정적상관관계(r=0.22)가 나타났다. 평균비교 결과, 스마트폰 사용수준과 지역사회참여도 점수는 유의미한 차이(p=0.04)를 나타냈다. 본 연구를 통해 스마트폰 사용수준별로 지역사회참여도가 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 대부분의 노인이 높은 스마트폰 교육요구도를 나타냈다. 교육만족도와 스마트폰 활용도를 높이기 위한 교육프로그램 개발 및 교육도구 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

The subjects were 420 workers who received oriental and western health examination both in the workplaces for 1 month. This study was planned for the reflection of western health examination results through evaluation of Sasang constitution with use of data from western health examination, and for the presentation of basic data applicable to constitutional medicine with preventive medicine. Data that were collected in field research were analyzed into frequencies, One-Way ANOVA, Chi-square testing by the study purposes, and the research results were as follows: 1. The distribution of Sasang constitution in 420 subjects was Taeumin > Soumin > Soyangin, and the general characteristics of subject by Sasang constitution were no significant difference. 2. For the measured values for body by the subject of Sasang constitution, Taeumin had higher value for height, body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure than other 2 constitutions. Soumin had the lowest values in average for all items, and on the other hand, Soyangin had high pulse pressure compared to other constitutions. It was significant difference between constitutions. 3. For the hematological average, Taeumin had high average for FBS, Total-C, GPT, and Taeumin ,and Soyangin had high in Hb compared to Soumin. Soyangin had the highest average for ${\gamma}-GPT$, and there were significant differences between FBS, Total-C, Hb, GPT, ${\gamma}-GTP$, excepting for GOT. 4. For the result of health examination by the Sasang constitution of subject, Taeumin showed the highest percentage in the items of obesity, primary care, secondary suspicion, and showed significant difference by the constitution. For the distribution of the past disease history by the health examination result of Sasang constitution, Taeumin and Soumin had high prevalence rate for hypertension, liver disease, and Soyangin had high prevalence rate for liver disease, hypertension. For the requirement of lifestyle improvement to the subject, the highest requirements by the Sasang constitution were physical exercise for Soumin, regulation of body weight for Taeumin, and it showed significant difference. For the requirement of primary care by the constitution, the highest requiremetns were obesity control for Taeumin, blood pressure control for Soumin, Soyangin, and liver suspicion was the highest distribution for each constitution in the case of having decision for secondary suspicion.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.147-163
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• 2013

The world faces several issues of energy crisis and environmental deterioration due to over-dependence on single source of which is fossil fuel. Though, fuel is needed as ingredients for industrial development and growth of any country, however the fossil fuel which is a major source of energy for this purpose has always been terrifying thus the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. The search for alternative energy sources resulted into the acceptance of a biofuel as a reliable alternative energy source. This work presents the study of optimization of process of transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using NaOH as catalyst. A $2^4$ factorial design method was employed to investigate the influence of ratio of oil to methanol, temperature, NaOH concentration, and transesterification time on the yield of biodiesel from vegetable oil. Low and high levels of the key factors considered were 4:1 and 6:1 mole ratio, 30 and $60^{\circ}C$ temperatures, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% catalyst concentration, and 30 and 60 min reaction time. Results obtained revealed that oil to methanol molar ratio of 6:1, tranesetrification temperature of $60^{\circ}C$, catalyst concentration of 1.0wt % and reaction time of 30 min are the best operating conditions for the optimum yield of biofuel from vegetable oil, with optimum yield of 95.8%. Results obtained on the characterizzation of the produced biodiesel indicate that the specific gravity, cloud point, flash point, sulphur content, viscosity, diesel index, centane number, acid value, free glycerine, total glycerine and total recovery are 0.8899, 4, 13, 0.0087%, 4.83, 25, 54.6. 0.228mgKOH/g, 0.018, 0.23% and 96% respectively. Results also indicate that the qualities of the biodiesel tested for are in conformity with the set standard. A model equation was developed based on the results obtained using a statistical tool. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data shows that mole ratio of ground nut oil to methanol and transesterification time have the most pronounced effect on the biodiesel yield with contributions of 55.06% and 9.22% respectively. It can be inferred from the results various conducted that vegetable oil locally produced from groundnut oil can be utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.521-527
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• 2004

Cimetidine is a histamine $H_2-receptor$ antagonist, used for the treatment of endoscopically or radiographically comfirmed duodenal ulcer, pathologic GI hypersecretory conditions, and active, benign and gastric ulcer. Simple method for determining cimetidine in human plasma has been developed and validated. The analytical procedure for cimetidine showed a linear relationship in the concentration ranges from $0.05\;to\;5\;{\mu}g/ml$. Coefficient of variance (CV, %) for intraday and interday validation and relative error (RE, %) were less than ${\pm}15%$. Based on this analytical method, the bioequivalence of two cimetidine 400 mg tablets, reference (Tagamet 400 mg) and test drug (Sinil CIMETIDINE 400 mg) was evaluated according to the guidelines set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Release of cimetidine from the tablets in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solutions and water). Twenty-four healthy volunteers, $21.38{\pm}1.86$ years in age and $68.71{\pm}8.68\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was performed. After oral administration of a tablet containing 400 mg of cimetidine, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and concentrations of cimetidine in plasma were determined using HPLC equipped with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of the two tablet formulations were very similar at all dissolution media. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA was employed for the statistical analysis of parameters. The results were revealed that the differences in $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ between the two tablets were 4.17 % and 0.97% respectively. At 90% confidence intervals, the differences in these parameters were also within ${\pm}20%$. All of the above mentioned parameters have met the criteria of KFDA guidelines for bioequivalence, indicating that the test drug tablet (Sinil CIMETIDINE tablet) is bioequivalent to Tagamet 400 mg tablet.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 간호대학생을 대상으로 노인에 대한 지식 및 태도, 촉진적 의사소통, 공감력의 정도를 알아보고 노인에 대한 공감력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하여, 간호교육에서 노인에 대한 공감력을 증진시키기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위함이다. 연구대상자는 B시, C시의 간호대학생 277명을 대상으로 하였고, 자료분석은 SPSS WIN/20.0을 이용하여 빈도와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차, t-검정, 일원분산분석, 피어슨 상관계수, 다중회분귀분석을 사용하였다. 연구결과 간호대학생의 노인에 대한 지식은 $12.08{\pm}2.79$점, 노인에 대한 태도는 $77.12{\pm}12.33$점, 촉진적 의사소통은 $3.73{\pm}034$점, 공감력은 $214.66{\pm}22.72$점으로 나타났다. 일반적 특성에 따른 노인에 대한 공감력의 차이를 분석한 결과, 노인 간호 업무 선호도(F=3.929, p=.004), 아버지와의 관계(F=2.433, p=.035), 어머니와의 관계(F=3.123, p=.009)에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 간호대학생의 노인에 대한 공감력은 노인에 대한 태도(r=.224, p<.001), 촉진적 의사소통(r=.346, p<.001)과 유의한 순 상관관계로 나타났다. 간호대학생의 노인에 대한 공감력에 영향을 미치는 요인은 노인에 대한 태도와 촉진적 의사소통으로 나타났고, 설명력은 15.4%로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 간호대학생을 대상으로 한 공감력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하기 위한 반복연구와 공감력의 향상을 위한 교육과정 및 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2013

Objective : Allergic rhinitis(AR) is an inflammation or irritaion of nasal mucosa. Usually, serum cytokine is regarded as one of the most important factors in AR. Coisis semen have been used for the diseases in digestive organs in traditional chinese medicine. Nowaday, there were some studies reported about the effects of coisis semens on serum cytokine. However the results of theses studies were varies, and moreover there was no study which have used AR animal model. Therefore this study is aimed to determine therapeutic effects of coisis semen extract by observing changes of serum cytokine(IgE, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-13) with AR animal model. Methods : Thirty BALB/c mice were divided into six groups : Normal group, Control group, sample I, sample II, sample III, sample IV. Except for Normal group, all the mice in other 5 groups were sensitized intraperionealy by 0.1% ovalbumin solution three times at intervals of one week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1% ovalbumin solution three times at intervals of two days. Normal group were used Normal Saline instead of ovalbumin solution. After the first day of study, sample I, sample II, sample III, and sample IV were orally administrated coisis semen extract by 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 1g/kg respectively for 28days. Then, the changes of serum IgE, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-13 were observed in 6 groups. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA, post hoc by duncun, and Kruskal-Wallis test(p<0.05) Results : There were statistical changes in IgE and TNF-${\alpha}$. But, there were no statistical changes in IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-13 and IFN-${\gamma}$. Conclusions : According to above results, it is supposed that coisis semen extract has not some significant effects on cytokine of AR animal model. There was no evidence for using coisis semen in relieving symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2000

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microleakage of 5 curing methods in class V composite restorations which are composed of two-step light curing, pulse-delay cure, low curing-light intensity, moderate curing-light intensity and high curing-light intensity. In this study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human upper or lower molars on cementum margin. Single Bond adhesive and Z-100 shade A2 were applied for each group following the manufacture's instruction. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 samples (20 surfaces) each. Group 1: two-step light curing; Group 2: pulse-delay cure; Group 3: low curing-light intensity; Group 4: moderate curing-light intensity; Group 5: high curing-light intensity. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 60 teeth were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen was then observed with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}20$. The composite resin/tooth interfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA and Dunn's Method. The results of this study were as follows. 1. In all groups, the leakage values seen at the enamel margin were significantly lower than those seen at the dentin margin(P<0.05). 2. No group in this study showed significant differences in leakage values at both the enamel and the dentin margins(P<0.05). 3. In all groups, the gaps seen at the enamel margin were significantly lower than those seen at the dentin margin(P<0.05). 4. The gaps in this study showed significant differences and two-step light-curing and low curing-light intensity produced significant less gap than high curing-light intensity(P<0.05).

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.59-74
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• 2010

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a chronic recurrent skin disease which usually developed in infancy or childhood. AD often repeat improvement and relapse. The cause of AD is so indefinite that many methods of therapies(moisturizer, steroid ointment, antihistamine, immunomodulator, immunosuppressant, herbal medicine, alternative medicine, etc.) are tried. Recently, a lot of studies were made. But there is no report about the effect of Samulsopungeum(SM) and Prednisolone(PN) on AD. So, author aimed to investigate the effects of SM and PN on AD of NC/Nga mice. Methods : Thirty two mice(8 Balb/c mice and 24 NC.Nga mice) were divided into four groups; Balb/c mice was normal group. NC/Nga mice were divide into three group : control, PN, SM group. AD was induced in the control, PN, SM group by spreading DNCB. Then normal saline, PN and SM were orally administered three times in a week for 8 weeks to the control, PN, SM group, respectively. We observed changes of clinical skin severity score, serum IgE, IgG1, IFN-$\gamma$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and so on. We used one-way ANOVA test statistically(p<0.01). Results : The clinical skin severity scores of PN group and SM group in 8th week were decreased compared to the control group. Serum IgE, IgGl levels of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum IFN-$\gamma$ in SM group was significantly increased compared to the control group. But, Serum IFN-$\gamma$ in PN group was significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum IL-10 levels of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 levels of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. mRNA expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the dorsal skin tissues of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. According to biopsy reports of the ear and skin tissues showed that the tissue damage of PN group and SM group were highly reduced compared to the control group. Creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST levels of PN group and SM group were normal. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is considered that SM is effective treatment for the AD.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 12주간 순환운동이 비만중년여성의 건강 체력 및 대사증후군 위험인자에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. $BMI\;25kg/m^2$ 이상인 40대 비만중년여성 중 순환운동군(10명), 대조군(10명)으로 총 20명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 모든 검사항목은 동일한 방법과 조건으로 건강 체력 및 대사증후군 관련인자 대하여 사전, 사후 총 2회 측정하였다. 순환운동은 12주간, 주3회, 30~40분, 60~80%HRR 강도로 실시하였다. 측정변인에 대해 평균값과 표준편차($M{\pm}SD$)를 산출한 후 사전 운동군과 대조군의 신체적 특성과 각 측정변인에 대한 동질성 검정을 위하여 독립 t-test를, 집단 내의 사전 사후 평균치 변화에 대한 차이 검증은 종속 t-test를, 집단 간 차이에 대한 주효과 검정 및 집단 간 시기 간 상호작용 효과는 반복측정 분산분석을 이용하였다. 건강 체력에서 체지방률(p<.01)은 유의하게 감소하였으며, 제지방량(p<.05), 근지구력(p<.01), 유연성(p<.01) 및 심폐지구력(p<.001)은 유의하게 증가하였다. 대사증후군 위험인자 중 허리둘레(p<.05), SBP(p<.05), Glucose(p<.05) 및 TG(p<.001)는 유의하게 감소하였으며, HDL-C(p<.001)는 유의하게 증가하였다. 순환운동이 비만중년여성의 건강 체력 및 대사증후군 위험인자의 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2019

이 연구는 정중 과잉치 법랑질의 구조학적 및 형태학적 특징에 대하여 주사형 전자현미경(FE-SEM)과 에너지 분산형 분광분석법(EDS)을 이용하여 관찰하고 영구 중절치와 유중절치의 법랑질 구조 및 형태와 차이점에 대하여 평가하고자 하였다. 15개의 정중 과잉치, 영구 중절치와 유중절치를 이용하였으며, 법랑질의 두께와 법랑소주 직경에 대하여 FE-SEM을 이용하여 측정 및 관찰하고, 성분 분석을 위하여 EDS를 이용하였다. 그 결과 법랑소주 두께의 경우 영구 중절치, 정중 과잉치, 유중절치 순으로 나타났다. 법랑소주의 직경의 경우 영구중절치와 정중 과잉치에서는 유의할 만한 차이가 없었으며, 유중절치는 두 그룹에 비해서 작게 나타났다. 성분 분석 시 칼슘의 경우 영구 중절치와 정중 과잉치에 있어서 통계적 유의성이 없었으며, 유중절치는 작게 나타났다. Ca/P ratio의 경우 정중 과잉치와 영구 중절치는 비슷한 수치를 나타내며 통계적 유의성이 없었고, 유중절치보다는 두 그룹 모두 높게 나타났다. Ca/C ratio의 경우 마찬가지로 정중 과잉치와 영구 중절치에서 유중절치보다 높게 나타났다. 이를 통하여 정중 과잉치의 법랑질 특성은 유중절치보다는 영구 중절치와 더 유사함을 알 수 있고, 임상적으로 정중 과잉치의 활용 시 영구 중절치와 비슷한 법랑질 성질을 지님을 유추할 수 있다.