• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

This article deals with the buckling analysis in the plates containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) subject to axial load. In order to control the plate smartly, a piezoelectric layer covered the plate. The plate is located in elastic medium which is modeled by spring elements. The Mori-Tanaka low is utilized for calculating the equivalent mechanical characteristics of the plate. The structure is modeled by a thick plate and the governing equations are deduced using Hamilton's principle under the assumption of higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The Navier method is applied to obtain the bulking load. The effects of the applied voltage to the smart layer, agglomeration and volume percent of CNT nanoparticles, geometrical parameters and elastic medium of the structure are assessed on the buckling response. It has been demonstrated that by applying a negative voltage, the buckling load is increased significantly.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2010

하수슬러지에 전자빔(3kGy)을 조사하여 퇴비화를 촉진하기위한 타당성연구가 수행되었다. 전자빔을 조사한 하수슬러지 탈수케익에 수분조절 및 탄소공급원으로 건조한 나뭇잎을 첨가하고 목편을 혼합한 퇴비단과 전자빔을 조사하지 않은 퇴비단(Control) 과의 시간에 따른 온도변화, 유기물 및 영양염류변화 그리고 미생물 활동도 차이 등을 비교평가하였다. 그 결과 전자빔조사한 하수슬러지퇴비단은 1일이내에 $60^{\circ}C$이상 온도가 상승하였고 Control 퇴비단에 비해 고온기간이 5일 이상 더 지속되었다. 또한 초기 5일 이내에 주발효기간 20일 동안 분해된 전체 유기물양의 70%가 분해되는 등 신속한 퇴비화가 진행되었으며, 퇴비화기간 내내 Control 퇴비단에 비해 DHAe-INT로 측정한 미생물 활동도가 높게 유지되어 전자빔 전처리에 의해 하수슬러지 탈수케익의 퇴비부숙이 신속하고, 효율적으로 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.340-344
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• 2008

Electro-flotation (EF) was applied to a sequencing batch reactor process (SBR) in order to enhance solids-liquid separation. Solids-liquid separation was good enough in the SBR coupled with EF (EF-SBR) and it was possible to maintain the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) high in the EF-SBR. Under moderate organic loading condition (COD loading rate: 6 g/day), control SBR (C-SBR) showed similar treatment efficiencies with the EF-SBR. Under high organic loading condition (COD loading rate: 9.6 g/day), the solids-liquid separation in the C-SBR was deteriorated due to proliferation of filamentous bulking organisms at high F/M ratio. However, the EF-SBR was operated stably and with the high MLSS concentration (above 4,000 mg/L) regardless of the organic loading conditions during overall operating period leading to the satisfactory effluent quality. Gas production rate of the electrodes was gradually decreased because of anodic corrosion and scale build-up at the surface of cathode. However it could be partially overcome by use of corrosion-proof electrode material (SUS-316 L) and by periodic current switching between the electrodes.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.136-143
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the degradation characteristics of waste cigarette filters under 0, 5, 10, and 15cm in depth from soil surface by environmental conditions. Weather was the most important factor during degradation of waste cigarette filters in this study. Bulking of cellulose acetate filaments exposed on soil surface was observed after 2 months, but the form of filter was kept up after 12 months. The treated cigarette filters in soil landfill revealed a little different degradation pattern at each soil landfill depth, The sample in 5cm depth of soil was more degraded then other site. A fluffy appearance of cellulose acetate filaments in the control filter rods was also developed more strongly in soil landfill then on soil surface. From the observation of waste cigarette filters by scanning electron microscopy, much degradation of the fiber of waste cigarette filters could be ascertained in soil landfill. The weight of waste cigarette filters under 5cm from soil surface was reduced about 50%, and the tensile strength of the samples in soil surface and under 5cm from soil surface were reduced 66.0% and 92.4%, respectively. The microbial experiment date that the viable cell number in microbial population and cellulolytic microorganisms showed the maximum values under 5cm from soil surface, suggest that microorganisms in soil play an important roll in the degradation of acetate cigarette filters.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.16-26
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• 1993

A sundry system is one of popular systems for composting livestock manure, of which main honest is to utilize unlimited, clean, and free solar radiation. A sundry system with a composter of two horizontal screw-type concrete ducts at different height, was constructed and operated for three days for each test in May, 1993, to evaluate its composting performance. Four treatments of the mixture ratio of swine manure and saw dust (manure : sawdust= 1 : 1.25, 1 : 1, 1 : 0.7, 1 : 0.5) were implemented to evaluate the effect of the mixture ratio on degradation of the composting materials of a sundry system with a screw-type composter. Maximum temperature of the composting materials was over 5$0^{\circ}C$ at D1 or D2 (one or two days after operation starts) for each test. Mean C/N ratio and water contents of the materials were reduced by more than 15 and 20％, respectively. Microbial density of each test showed a typical variation with the lapse of the composting time. Mesophilic microorganism seemed to play more important role on degradation of the materials than thermophilic. A sundry system with a screw-type composter can be considered as a feasible system on basis of maturity data. The conclusion was completely reverse from that of Choi et at., although both adopted a sundry system. A further study is recommended to pursue the cause of better performance of the screw-type composter, whether it was due to affirmative weather or more efficient composter.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 하수처리장의 자동 계측 제어 시스템을 구축함에 있어 제한 요소로 작용되는 2차 침전조의 침전 상태를 자동으로 진단하기 위해 이미지 분석 기법을 적용한 On-line SVI(Sludge Volume Index) analyzer를 이용하였다. 침전 상태를 알아보기 위해 카메라로 촬영한 디지털 이미지로부터 RGB(Red-Green-Blue) 프로파일을 얻었으며, 이를 통해 상등수와 슬러지층의 경계를 자동으로 감지할 수 있는 SV30 감지 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 개발된 SV30 감지 알고리즘은 벌킹, 핀플럭과 같은 침전 문제 발생 시에도 신뢰성 있는 감지능을 보여주었다. 또한 본 논문에서는 상등수 부분의 RGB 값과 실제 운전자에 의해 측정된 탁도 값 사이의 상관관계를 통하여, 탁도 추정 모델을 제안하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2002

가축분의 퇴비화 효과에 미치는 이탄의 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수분조절제(톱밥, 톱밥+이탄, 이탄)를 달리 혼합한 3종(우분, 돈분, 계분)의 가축분을 퇴비화시킨 후 수분함량, 유기물, 유기물대 질소비, 비료성분(N, P, K) 및 중금속(As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu) 함량과 미생물(호기성종속영양세균, 고온성세균, 곰팡이, 방선균) 밀도의 차이를 비교 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 퇴비화 과정을 거친 3종의 가축분 모두에서 사용된 톱밥+이탄, 이탄, 톱밥 혼합순으로 유기물함량이 높게 나타나 이탄이 유기물함량을 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하였다. 2) 유기물대 질소비와 수분함량은 모든 가축분별로 톱밥을 부재료로 이용한 것보다 이탄 또는 톱밥+이탄을 부재료로 이용한 것이 낮게 나타나 이탄이 퇴비화 숙성과정에 긍정적으로 영향하였다. 3) 비료성분(N, P, K)은 톱밥을 부재료로 이용한 것보다 이탄을 부재료로 혼합한 것에서 높게 나타났으나, 중금속함량은 모든 부재료 처리에서 유사한 수준이었다. 4) 미생물적 특성을 비교한 결과 톱밥만을 이용한 것보다 이탄을 부재료로 이용한 것이 호기성 종속영양세균, 고온성세균 및 곰팡이의 밀도가 높게 나타나 이탄을 혼합할 때 미생물 활동량 증가에 따른 퇴비 분해가 왕성한 것으로 나타났다. 5) 이러한 결과를 종합할 때 이탄이 혼합된 퇴비는 3종의 가축분 모두에서 톱밥보다 퇴비화 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타나 향후 이탄 활용으로 퇴비의 품질향상을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.62-75
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• 2000

Most of biological treatment to remove contaminants in municipal wastewater have been conducted by activated sludge process. But, the process have several probIems such as enormous site needed for construction of treatment facilities, unstable treatment due to limited ability to control load fluctuation, frequent sludge bulking and appearance of lots of surplus sludge. In this study, the experiments were performed through submerging biofilm of PEPP media in existing aeration tank with raw water from municipal wastewater treatment plant and then submerging PVDC and PEPP media, different from shape and chemical peculiarity in anoxic reactor. Throughout the experience, nutrient removal efficiency according to HRT, nitrogen phosphorous removal efficiency, behavior of nitrogen and dewatering efficiency have been compared and analysed with those of activated sludge process. As the results, BOD removal efficiency according to BOD volumetric load and F/M ratio was not found any differency in two processes, but was decreased below 90% as going along the condition of high load in activated sludge process. Kinetic coefficient was $K_{max}=1.162day^{-1}$, $K_s=53.77mg/L$, $Y=0.166mgVSS/mgBOD_{rem}$. and $K_d=0.019day^{-1}$. It was found that the removal efficiency, even though in aerobic condition, in biofilm process equipped anoxic reactor was higher than the one in activated sludge process within the range of 70~80%, and became better as HRT increased. Phosphorous removal efficiency was not found any differency in two processes. In biofilm process, treament efficiency even in conditions of high load was not decreased, because the biomass concentration could be maintained in high condition compared with activated sludge process. As HRT increased, suspended and attached biomass was increased and the other hand, F/M ratio was decreased as biomass' increasing. Biomass thickness was increased. from $10.43{\mu}m$ to $10.55{\mu}m$ as HRT increased and density of biomass within $40.79{\sim}41.16mg/cm^2$. The results also present that the dewatering efficiency of sludge generated in biofilm process was higher than in activated sludge process, and became better as HRT increased.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.643-649
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 크루즈선에서 발생하는 오 폐수의 고도처리를 위하여 SBR공정에 유효미생물을 주입하는 변법을 이용하여 실험실 규모의 실험을 수행하였다. 질소 인의 고도 처리 효율과 크루즈선이라는 특수 환경과의 접목성을 검토한 결과 SBR공정에 유효미생물을 주입하는 변법은 선박환경에 매우 적합한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 기존의 활성슬러지에 유효미생물의 주입함으로써 슬러지 팽화 등의 문제를 해결할 수 있어 슬러지의 안정성을 확보할 수 있었으며, 미생물 관찰 결과 고도처리에 유리한 미생물종의 출현으로 질소 인의 처리 효율이 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이로 인해 총질소와 인의 제거 효율은 74%, 75%로 나타났으며 이러한 결과로 미루어 강화되어가는 해양오염기준을 충만족시킬 수 있을 공정으로 판단된다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.51-64
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• 2023

The sustainable management of rice straw is essential for protection of human health and environment. This study assesses the impact of stock density of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) on the quality of the final vermicompost. The vermicompost is produced using different combinations of rice straw, Neem leaves, and cow dung (bulking agent) by varying stock density of earthworms. The vermicomposting experiments are performed in plastic containers (32 cm × 28 cm × 28 cm) in open for 90 days under laboratory conditions. The stock density of the earthworm is found to be an important factor to influence nutritional quality of the final vermicompost. There is observed significant improvement in the total nitrogen (91.8%), phosphate (73.4%), potassium (38.8%), and calcium (59.05%) content of the vermicompost produced with the highest stock density of the earthworms. All the treatments showed decrease in TOC and C:N content after 90 days of vermicomposting. The treatment with Neem leaves showed maximum growth of earthworms (2.65 fold). Neem leaves brought positive changes in the quality of final vermicompost by enhancing the growth and reproduction of the earthworms. The calcium content increased by 39% in the final vermicompost with the addition of Neem leaves at the same stock density of the earthworms. The stock density of the earthworms and Neem leaves are found to significantly improve quality of the final vermicompost as compared with the compost (control). The surface morphology in SEM images showed high degree of fragmentation in the vermicompost as compared with the compost. The combined action of microbes and earthworms resulted in high degree of disintegration in the vermicompost.