• 제목/요약/키워드: buffalo

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State of the art on the physical mapping of the Y-chromosome in the Bovidae and comparison with other species - A review

  • Rossetti, Cristina;Genualdo, Viviana;Incarnato, Domenico;Mottola, Filomena;Perucatti, Angela;Pauciullo, Alfredo
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제35권9호
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    • pp.1289-1302
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    • 2022
  • The next generation sequencing has significantly contributed to clarify the genome structure of many species of zootechnical interest. However, to date, some portions of the genome, especially those linked to a heterogametic nature such as the Y chromosome, are difficult to assemble and many gaps are still present. It is well known that the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is an excellent tool for identifying genes unequivocably mapped on chromosomes. Therefore, FISH can contribute to the localization of unplaced genome sequences, as well as to correct assembly errors generated by comparative bioinformatics. To this end, it is necessary to have starting points; therefore, in this study, we reviewed the physically mapped genes on the Y chromosome of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and alpacas. A total of 208 loci were currently mapped by FISH. 89 were located in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) and 119 were identified in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR). The loci reported in MSY and PAR were respectively: 18 and 25 in Bos taurus, 5 and 7 in Bubalus bubalis, 5 and 24 in Ovis aries, 5 and 19 in Capra hircus, 10 and 16 in Sus scrofa, 46 and 18 in Equus caballus. While in Vicugna pacos only 10 loci are reported in the PAR region. The correct knowledge and assembly of all genome sequences, including those of genes mapped on the Y chromosome, will help to elucidate their biological processes, as well as to discover and exploit potentially epistasis effects useful for selection breeding programs.

각종 공동배양 배지와 첨가 단백질원의 조합이 소 체외수정란의 체외배양에 미치는 영향 (Effect of the Combination of Co-Culture System and Supplemented Protein Sources on the In Vitro Development of Bovine IVF Embryos)

  • 정희태;이준희;박춘근;양부근;김정익
    • 한국가축번식학회지
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.337-345
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    • 1999
  • 본 연구는 소 체외수정란의 체외배양 시 공동배양배지 및 첨가되는 단백질원에 따른 소 체외수정란의 체외발육능을 검토하였다. 소의 미성숙 난포란을 체외에서 성숙, 수정시킨 후, BSA 또는 FBS를 첨가한 TCM-199 또는 CR1aa 배양액으로 단순배양 또는 난구세포, 소 난관상피세포 (BOEC) 및 Buffalo rat 간세포 (BRLC)와의 공동배양 후, 체외수정란의 분할율 및 발육능을 검사하였다. 소 성숙 난포란을 체외수정 후, 분할율은 배양액의 종류에 관계없이 BSA를 첨가한 경우에 유의적으로 높았다 (P<0.01). 분할된 수정란을 BSA 또는 FBS가 첨가된 TCM-l99 또는 CRlaa 배양액 내에서 단순배양한 결과, 배반포 발육율은 단백질원에 관계없이 CR1aa 액에서 배양한 경우가 유의적으로 높았다 (P<0.05). 분할된 수정란을 난구세포 또는 BOEC와 공동배양 시, TCM-l99 배양액에서는 FBS에 비하여 BSA 첨가구가 높은 배반포 형성율을 보였으나 (P<0.05), CRlaa 배양액에서는 BSA와 FBS 첨가구 모두 높은 발육율이 얻어졌다. 한편, 분할된 수정란을 BRLC의 단층세포와 공동배양 시에는 배양액의 종류와 관계없이 BSA에 비하여 FBS가 수정란의 발육율을 향상시켰다 (P<0.05). 본 실혐의 결과는 배양액 중에 BSA 첨가가 소 체외수정란의 분할을 촉진할 수 있으며, 체외수정란을 체세포와 공동배양 시, 수정란의 발육율이 배양액 및 첨가 단백질원의 종류에 따라 영향을 받아, TCM-199 액에서 난구세포 또는 BOEC와 공동 배양하는 경우에는 BSA 첨가가 효과적일 수 있음을 수 있음을 보여준다.

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Effect of Niacin Supplementation on Rumen Metabolites in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

  • Kumar, Ravindra;Dass, R.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.38-41
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    • 2005
  • An experiment was conducted on 3 male rumen fistulated adult buffaloes fed on wheaten straw and concentrate mixture in a Latin square design to study the impact of niacin supplementation on rumen metabolites. Three animals were fed wheaten straw+concentrate mixture (group I, control), wheaten straw+concentrate mixture+100 ppm niacin (group II), and wheaten straw +concentrate mixture+200 ppm niacin (group III). After 21 days feeding, rumen liquor was drawn for 3 consecutive days at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) to study the various rumen metabolites i.e., rumen pH, ammonia-N, total-N, trichloroacetic acid precipitable-N, non-protein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, their fractions and number of protozoa. Mean pH values in strained rumen liquor (SRL) of animals in 3 groups were 6.64, 6.71 and 6.67, indicating no statistically significant difference. Results revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in TVFA concentration among the supplemented groups (group II and III) in comparison to control group. Mean TVFA concentration (meq/dl) was 9.75, 10.97 and 11.44 in 3 groups respectively. The highest concentration of TVFA was observed at 4 h and minimum at 0 h in all the 3 groups. The percentage of acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid was statistically similar among the three groups. The mean ammonia-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group II (16.38) and group III (15.42) than group I (18.14). Ammonia-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to all the time intervals. The mean total-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was higher (p<0.01) in group II (74.16) and group III (75.47) as compared to group I (62.04). Total-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to other time intervals and lowest value was recorded at 0 h.Concentration of TCA-ppt-N (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in control group as compared to niacin supplemented groups. Mean value of NPN (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group III (23.21) as compared to group I (25.71), whereas groups I and II, and groups II and III were similar to each other. Total protozoa number (${\times}10^4$/ml SRL) ranged from 18.06 to 27.41 in group I, 20.89 to 38.44 in group II and 27.61 to 39.45 in group III. The mean protozoa number was significantly (p<0.01) higher in SRL of group II (27.60) and III (30.59) as compared to group I (22.48). It can be concluded from the study that supplementation of niacin in the diet of buffaloes had improved the rumen fermentation by decreasing the concentration of ammonia-N and increasing protein synthesis.

Associations between Psychological Distress and Body Mass Index among Law Enforcement Officers: The National Health Interview Survey 2004-2010

  • Gu, Ja K.;Charles, Luenda E.;Burchfiel, Cecil M.;Andrew, Michael E.;Ma, Claudia;Bang, Ki Moon;Violanti, John M.
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.52-62
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    • 2013
  • Objectives: To investigate the association between psychological distress and obesity among law enforcement officers (LEOs) in the United States. Methods: Self-reported data on psychological distress based on six key questions were obtained from LEOs who participated in the National Health Interview Survey (2004-2010). We used Prochaska's cut-point of a Kessler 6 score ${\geq}5$ for moderate/high mental distress in our analysis. Mean levels of body mass index (BMI) were compared across three levels of psychological distress. Results: The average age of LEOs (n = 929) was 39.3 years; 25% were female. Overall, 8.1% of LEOs had moderate or high psychological distress; 37.5% were obese (BMI ${\geq}30$). Mean BMI increased with increasing psychological distress (no distress, BMI = $27.2kg/m^2$; mild distress, $27.6kg/m^2$; and moderate/high distress, $33.1kg/m^2$; p = 0.016) after adjustment for age, race, income, and education level among female officers only. Physical activity modified the association between psychological distress and BMI but only among male LEOs (interaction p = 0.002). Among male LEOs reporting low physical activity, psychological distress was positively associated with BMI ($30.3kg/m^2$ for no distress, 30.7 for mild distress, 31.8 for moderate/high distress; p = 0.179) after adjustment, but not significantly. This association was not significant among males reporting high physical activity. Conclusion: Mean BMI significantly increased as psychological distress increased among female LEOs. A longitudinal study design may reveal the directionality of this association as well as the potential role that physical activity might play in this association.

Effects of Eucalyptus Crude Oils Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation, Microorganism and Nutrient Digestibility in Swamp Buffaloes

  • Thao, N.T.;Wanapat, M.;Cherdthong, A.;Kang, S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.46-54
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.

Somatic Cell Counts in Milk of Buffaloes Administered Oxytocin During Early Lactation

  • Prasad, Jyotsna;Singh, Mahendra
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제14권5호
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    • pp.684-692
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    • 2001
  • To find out the effect of oxytocin on somatic cell count and milk production, 12 primiparous and multiparous Murrah buffaloes were selected, immediately after the parturition, from the Institute's buffalo herd. These were divided into two groups of 6 each. Buffaloes of group I did not receive oxytocin injection (control); whereas, buffaloes of group II were administered oxytocin during early lactation (av. 42.50 days). The oxytocin injection was given in doses of 2.5 IU i.m. before the start of milking, to let down the milk, for a period of 5 days. Samples of milk from individual buffaloes were collected for 5 days before (Period I), during (Period II) and after (Period III) from both the group of buffaloes. Milk samples of A. M. and P. M. milking were composited in proposition to milk yields for analysis of milk constituents. Normal values of somatic cell counts in group I of buffaloes varied from 0.54 to $0.75{\times}10^{5}cells/ml$. Mean cytoplasmic particles and epithelial cells varied from 3.68 to $7.19{\times}10^{5}cells/ml$ and 0.13 to $0.54{\times}10^{5}cells/ml$. On percentage basis the epithelial and the total leucocyte count were 60 and 40. Total leucocyte count, in the study varied from 0.17 to $0.69{\times}10^{5}cells/ml$. The differential cell count of milk indicated presence of lymphocytes (16.50 to $61.16{\times}1000$), neutrophil (0.00 to $2.00{\times}1000$) and monocyte (0.00 to $18.16{\times}1000$). Somatic cell count (p<0.01) and epithelial cells (p<0.05) varied between buffaloes and between periods of study. Total leucocyte counts of milk were also significantly varied between periods (p<0.05). The change in fat, lactose, chloride, EC and NEFA concentrations during different periods of study, were highly significant, indicated diurnal variations in different buffaloes during different days of experiment. Administration of oxytocin resulted in increase in somatic cell counts of milk (p<0.01) due to the increases in total leucocyte count (p<0.01) during the treatment period. The differential cell count indicated that oxytocin administration increased lymphocyte number significantly (p<0.01). However, secretion of neutrophil, monocyte and cytoplasmic particles were not affected by oxytocin. Eosinophil and basophil cell, though present in few samples, remain unaffected by oxytocin administration. There was no effect of oxytocin on milk production, composition, pH, EC and NEFA concentration.

Effect of Urea-Molasses Cake Supplementation of Swamp Buffaloes Fed Rice Straw or Grasses on Rumen Environment, Feed Degradation and Intake

  • Van Thu, Nguyen;Uden, Peter
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제14권5호
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    • pp.631-639
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    • 2001
  • Two experiments were carried out concerning the effects of urea-molasses cake (UMC) and its separate components as supplements on rumen environment, in sacco feed degradability and intake of swamp buffaloes fed rice straw, grasses or a mixture of grasses and rice straw. Experiment 1 was a change-over design with 4 animals and 6 treatments. The buffaloes were fed rice straw ad libitum, and the experimental treatments were: no supplementation (R); 700 g of the complete urea-molasses cake (RUMC); 53.2 g urea (RU); 276 g rice bran and 52.5 coconut meal (RRC); 26.6 g salt, 26.6 g bone meal and 2.1 g trace minerals (RMi); and 25 g molasses (RMo). Experiment 2 was a Latin square design with four diets and four animals. The treatments were: rice straw ad libitum and mixed grass (RG) at 2.5 g dry matter per kg live weight (LW); RG plus 700 g urea-molasses cake (RGUMC); mixed grass ad libitum (G); and G plus 700 g cake (GUMC). In both experiments the supplements were fed once daily. In Exp. 1 although the rumen pH was significantly different (p<0.05) among diets, it varied only from 6.90 to 7.06. The ruminal ammonia was also significantly (p<0.05) different among the diets with RUMC significantly higher than R. Total bacterial and protozoal counts were significantly (p<0.05) higher for the RUMC, RU, RMo and RRC diets. Total feed and rice straw intakes were highest for RUMC (p<0.05) and lowest for the RMi and RMo diets, but in sacco degradability of four different roughages were not significantly different among diets. In Exp. 2, rumen pHs of the diets differed significantly and (p<0.01) ranged from 7.04 - 7.19. Ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentrations (mg/100 ml) were also significantly different (p<0.05), and higher for the RGUMC, G and GUMC diets. The total counts of bacteria and protozoa were significantly (p<0.05) higher for the RGUMC, G and GUMC diets. The total feed intake and roughage intake were significantly (p<0.05) higher for the RGUMC, G and GUMC diets compared to the RG diet. Correspondingly, LW changes also differed among treatments (p=0.06). It was concluded that there were significant increases in rumen $NH_3-N$ concentration, microbial populations and feed intake in the buffaloes by UMC supplementation, whereas the significant difference in in sacco DM degradation was not found by any type of supplementation. There seemed to be a need of a combination of urea, molasses, minerals and other protein nitrogen sources to enhance rice straw intake. Adding grass to the rice straw diet at 0.25% LW (DM) should also be considered to maintain buffalo rumen function and production with UMC supplementation, when rice straw is the main roughage.

Effect of Pregnancy on Lactation Milk Value in Dairy Buffaloes

  • Khan, Sarzamin;Qureshi, Muhammad Subhan;Ahmad, Nazir;Amjed, Muhammad;Durrani, Fazali Raziq;Younas, Muhammad
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.523-531
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    • 2008
  • Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.

Thiol 화합물과 항산화제 첨가배양이 소 체외수정란의 체외발육과 세포내 Glutathione 농도 변화에 미치는 효과 II. 항산화제 첨가와 체세포 공동배양이 소 체외수정란의 체외발육과 세포내 Glutathione 농도 변화에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Thiol Compounds and Antioxidants on In Vitro Development and Intracellular Glutathione Concentrations of Bovine Embryos Derived from In Vitro Matured and In Vitro Fertilized II. Effect of Antioxidants with Somatic Cells on Development and Intracellular Glutathione Concentrations of Bovine IVM/IVF Embryos)

  • 양부근;박동헌;우문수;정희태;박춘근;김종복;김정익
    • 한국가축번식학회지
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.345-353
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    • 1997
  • Antioxidants and antioxidants with somatic cell co-culture, bovine oviduct epithelial cells(BOEC) and buffalo rat liver cells(BRLC), were studied as a mean of increasing the development and intracellular glutathione(GSH) concnetrations of bovine embryos derived from in vitro matured(IVM) and in vitro fertilized(IVF) oocytes. Cell numbers and intracellular GSH concentrations of blastocysts were also counted. The developmental rate beyond morula stages in CRlaa containing taurine(2.5mM), superoxide dismutase(SOD, 600U) and catalase(250U) were 1%, 75.0%, 64.8% and 62.3%, respectively. The developmental rate in antioxidant groups was significantly higher than in control(P<0.05). The intracellular GSH concentrations of blastocysts cultured in 0, 2.5mM taurine, 600U SOD and 250U catalase were 33.8pM, 39.3pM, 42.3pM and 54.8pM, respectively. This result indicated that the developmental rates and intracellular GSH concentrations of catalase group was significantly higher than any other groups(P<0.05). The developmental capacity in CRlaa plus various antioxidants co-cultured with BOEC were 55.3%(control), 74.1%(2.5mM taurine), 66.7%(600U SOD) and 70.7%(250U catalase) and in CRlaa plus various antioxidants co-cultured with BRLC in control, 2.5mM taurine, 600U SOD and 250U catalase were 63.8%, 75.5%, 71.0% and 73.5%, respectveily, the intracellular GSH concentrations of blastocyst embryos co-cultured with BOEC and BRLC in CRlaa with 0.25mM taurine, 600U SOD and 250U catalase were 73.4pM and 64.4pM, 79.9pM and 67.5pM, 82.3pM and 71.7pM, and 83.0pM and 80.0pM, respectively. Cell numbers of blastocysts were not difference in all experimental groups. These studies indicate that andtioxidants and antioxidant with somatic cell co-culture can increase the proportion of embryo that developed into morula and blastocysts, and the intracellular GSH concentrations of blastocyst embryos.

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Subfertility in Males: An Important Cause of Bull Disposal in Bovines

  • Mukhopadhyay, C.S.;Gupta, A.K.;Yadav, B.R.;Khate, K.;Raina, V.S.;Mohanty, T.K.;Dubey, P.P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.450-455
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    • 2010
  • The study had two objectives, namely, to estimate the andrological disorders leading to disposal of Karan Fries (KF), Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffalo bulls and to study the effect of various factors (species/breeds, season of birth and period of birth) on male reproductive parameters. Records on occurrence of subfertility problems and disposal pattern of bulls maintained at the National Dairy Research Institute herd were collected for 15 years (1991 to 2005). Percentage of bulls producing freezable semen was less in the crossbred cattle (58.46%) as compared to Sahiwal (81.69%) and Murrah bulls (81.05%). Various subfertility traits like poor libido and unacceptable seminal profile were found to be the significant reasons (p<0.01) for culling of the breeding bulls. Inadequate sex drive was the main contributing factor for bull disposal in Sahiwal (22.55%) and Murrah bulls (15.12%) whereas poor semen quality and freezability were most frequently observed in KF bulls (24.29 and 7.29 percent, respectively). Least squares analyses of different male reproductive parameters showed that species/breeds had significant effect (p<0.05) on all traits except for frozen semen production periods (FSPP). Periods of birth were significantly different (p<0.05) for all traits except for semen volume. Age at first semen collection (AFSC), age at first semen freezing (AFSF) and age at disposal (AD) were highest in Murrah, while frozen semen production period (FSPP) and semen production period (SPP) were highest in KF and lowest in Sahiwal. The age at first semen donation and breeding period could be reduced by introducing the bulls to training at an early age. These results revealed a declining trend in AFSC, AFSF, FSPP, SPP and AD, thereby indicating an improvement in reproductive performance over the years. The age at first semen donation in bovines can be reduced by introducing the young male calves to training at an early age, which could increase the dosage of semen obtained from each male.