• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.515-523
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• 1994

This study was accomplished to investigate the mechanical properties and handle according to treatment processes and brushing condition. For this study, grey fabrics of blended ratio of polyester 65% : cotton 35% were bleached and dyed. These fabrics were then brushed 1, 3, 5 and 7 times. The mechanical properties were measured with a KES-F system and the mechanical data were then transformed into hand values by the conversion equation, that is, KN-201-MDY. The results obtained by the analysis are as follows; 1) The variation of mechanical properties was remarkable in the initial brushing of 1∼ 3 cycles for all of grey, bleached and dyed fabrics. The values of RT, 2HB, B, G, 2HGS, MMD and SMD were decreased and MIU, WC and T were increased with the increase of number of brushing . 2) LT, B, 2HB, G, 2HG, 2HGS, MMD, SMH and W of dyed fabrics which is coincident with the end use showed lower values than those of grey or bleached fabrics, but MIU, WC and T were higher 3) From the variation of hand value, stiffness of dyed fabric showed lower value than that of grey or bleached fabric. On the other hand, smoothness, soft feeling and total hand values of dyed fabric were higher. Especially, dyed fabric showed the highest total value at the 3 cycles of brushing condition.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the importance of parents, knowledge, cognition and behaviour about dental health care on the development of dental caries in preschoolers. Subjects were comprised of 170 preschoolers collected from three preschoolers placed in Pusan and Kimhae area and study period were 6 months from January, 2000. Examination on the preschoolers' dental health and questionnarie survey on parents' knowledge, cognition and behaviour about dental health care were conducted. Collected data were analyzed by chi-square test and t-test using SAS program. Dental caries was so prevalent as the rate of 73.5%. And, the rate was different by the area(p=0.001), and increased with preschooler's age(P=0.004). The parents gain the knowledge about dental health care mainly from dentist or dental hygienist(32.9%), newspaper, magazine booklets(26.5%), TV and VTR tape(20.0%), etc, but rarely from school health education(4.7%). Caries prevalence was significantly lower in case of regular brushing than that of insufficient brushing(p=0.002) and in case of consistently informing brushing time to their children(p=0.014). This results showed that the dental health care for preschoolers is insufficient and the most important factor for caries prevention is regular brushing. And it seemed that the parent's concern and knowledge play an important role for the prevention of preschooler's dental caries. Dental health education would be focused on the parents, especially for the practice of preventive behavior by preschoolers themselves.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.849-861
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships among snack habits, oral health practice, and oral health status in preschool children. Methods: The subjects were 209 preschool children and their mothers in Jeonbuk from March 24 to May 30, 2014. The study instruments comprised snack habits, oral health practice, and oral health status. Data were analyzed for independent t-test, one way ANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS Win 21.0 version. Results: Higher dft index was shown in the older age (p=0.033), lower mother's education (p<0.001), lower mother's daily toothbrushing (p<0.001), check-up after tooth-brushing (p<0.001), tooth-brushing practice before sleeping (p<0.001), tooth-brushing practice after snack (p<0.001), regular dental check-up (p<0.001), fluoride and sealant for prevention caries (p<0.001), limitation of sugar snack intake (p<0.007), periodic replacement toothbrush (p=0.022). The cause of higher dft index included soda (p<0.001), yogurt (p<0.001), snack (p=0.002), bread and cake (p=0.002) and caramel and candy (p<0.001). Fruit (p<0.001), vegetable (p<0.001) and milk (p=0.004) decreased dft index. Factors affecting oral health status were tooth-brushing practice before sleeping, tooth-brushing practice after snack, regular dental check-up, fluoride and sealant for prevention caries, and intake of soda, yogurt, caramel, candy, and fruit. The explanation power of the final model was 67.6%. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop the oral health education program for the preschool children and mothers to enhance the best oral health condition.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.409-418
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• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the child-care teachers' job in relation to physical work. Background: Child-care teacher is directly related to the quality of child care. And their physical activity is higher than general education teachers because the proportion of day care is high. But analyzes of child-care teachers' job burdens and the work environment associated with physical activity is not well established. Method: To conduct this study, the child-care teachers' job was classified into 18 physical works. After classification, posture was evaluated by ergonomic posture evaluation schemes of OWAS, RULA, REBA and evaluated for each physical part. Next, musculoskeletal subjective symptoms were analyzed. Results: The results showed the following: The highest assessment on the posture evaluation was "helping children to ride a school bus", "feeding: meal/snack", "brushing children's teeth" and "arrangement of nap-stuff". The rank of high-risk assessment on the neck/trunk/leg part was arranged by: "feeding: meal/snack", "helping children to ride a school bus", "making nap", "arrangement nap-stuff" and "brushing children's teeth". The rank of high-risk assessment on the upper limbs part was arranged by: "helping children to ride a school bus", "the bust - group activity", "meal/snack time - preparing, feeding, arrangement", "nap time - preparing, arrangement", "brushing children's teeth", and "using the toilet". According to the results of each musculoskeletal subjective symptom, teachers ordered the pain area as follows: waist, shoulder, leg/feet, and neck, and they showed more pain on trunk than the upper limbs. Conclusion: To sum up the results from ergonomic posture evaluation and a subjective symptom, the following are high working pressures: "feeding: meal/snack", "the bust - group activity", "making nap", "brushing children's teeth" with deep bending and waist twisting, "helping children to ride a school bus", "brushing children's teeth" with lifting shoulder; "meal/snack time - preparing, arrangement", "nap time - preparing, arrangement", and "using the toilet" with moving or an up-down position in their job. Application: The results of this study might be information for improvement of the child-care teachers' job environment.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of the Oral Health Education Program (OHEP) on the change in the children's brushing behavior and reduction in the dental plaque index (PI) and to identify changes in their parents' perception of oral health. Methods: The OHEP was applied 44 children recruited from two childcare centers. We conducted a self-reported survey of the parents at baseline and evaluated the oral conditions of the children at baseline and after 5 weeks. Their brushing behavior was assessed once a week during the OHEP intervention period and daily at home thereafter. We measured the PI after a 12-week follow-up and performed repeated measures analysis of varience. Results: The average PI score of children significantly decreased at week 5 as compared to the baseline (1.90±0.53, p<0.001), despite a substantial increase in week 12 (2.67±0.08, p<0.001). OHEP was effective in reducing the PI score and modifying their brushing behavior. Conclusions: OHEP effectively modified the brushing the behavior of the children. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and expand a systematic oral health education program to promote self-management of oral health in children.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2023

Background: The size of the tooth whitening market and toothpaste market is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this in vitro study is to confirm and compare the coffee stain removal effects of commercial whitening toothpaste in sound and demineralized teeth, respectively. Methods: A total of 112 flat permanent bovine teeth specimens were manufactured. Half of the surface of the specimen was coated with an acid-resistant varnish and deposited in an artificial demineralizing solution for 65 hours. The varnish applied to half of the specimen was removed and deposited in a coffee solution for 96 hours to induce coloring. Two control and five experimental group toothpastes for teeth whitening were selected and the main components were investigated. Toothbrushing was performed 50, 100, and 150 times for each toothpaste group. A total of four images were obtained: before the start and after 50, 100, and 150 times of brushing to obtain the lightness (L^*) values of the sound and the demineralized tooth surfaces. The difference in the average value between toothpaste groups at each treatment period was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The difference in the L^* average value according to the number of the brushing was analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. Results: All toothpastes in the seven groups contained abrasive agents and had different ingredients for each product. Compared to before brushing, the L^* value changed significantly in all toothpaste groups after brushing 50 times (p<0.05). This was common in both the sound and demineralized teeth surfaces. Demineralized teeth had significantly lower L^* values at all brushing times than that in sound teeth (p<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of whitening teeth was different for each toothpaste. Demineralized teeth were more likely to cause coloration than sound teeth, and the coloration was not removed well.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2018

This study conducted a 'specialist tooth brushing' method against the severely disabled once every other week. The purpose of this study is to analyze and validate the effectiveness of maintaining healthy periodontal management when consistent oral hygiene lasts with minimum stimuli for 24 - months. The conclusions were as follows. Table 2 compares the difference between group 1 and 2 from the 1^st to 11th management and verifies the actual difference in measurement of each index. Group 1 used a professional tooth brush while Group 2 used a general brush. There were found many significant differences in dental index. As for PHP, Oral Malodor index and gingival bleeding, it was found that one or two times of dental care can make substantial differences in dental health condition. These results show that as the number of toothbrush method has been increased, gingival bleeding and periodontal index are significantly improved, not to mention the improvement of gingivitis and periodontal disease. This is because periodontal tissue is affected by brushing method, brushing time and consistency of dental care. During the 6-month period, 20 minutes of active periodontal care was intensively conducted, and for 18-months the effect of consistent care was verified by 10-minute periodontal care once every other week. As a result of the test, it was found that there was no complete regression in the basic periodontal treatment and the periodontal health condition had been maintained for 24 months. Also this test shows that, despite of inconsistent dental hygienic care, regular plague control can prevent dental diseases and maintain the dental health. This study proved that periodontal condition can be maintained by periodontal care once every other week as the tooth brushing properly stimulates the gums with positive effect. Therefore, professional dental healthcareworkers should be designated for each facility for the disabled, and dental health of the disabled should be professionally cared on a regular basis, and consistent and repetitive management by the dental care specialist are required.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.817-825
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• 1999

Background : Forceps biopsy, bronchial brushing, and bronchial washing are used in conjunction with bronchoscopy to provide specimens for histologic and cytologic analysis in patients with suspected lung cancer. This study was performed to evaluate how many times brushing should be done and how much fluid should be used during bronchial washing for increasing diagnostic yield, and to evaluate which combination of these procedures gives the highest diagnostic yield. Methods : Forty patients, with suspected lung cancer, who had bronchoscopically visible lesions were enrolled in this prospective study. During one bronchoscopic examination four forceps biopsies, four bronchial brushings, and bronchial washing were done in all patients. The patients were divided into four groups by the amount of normal saline used for bronchial washing; group I, 10 ml ; group II, 20ml ; group III 30ml, and group IV, 40ml. We analyzed the results in 36 patients confirmed as lung cancer. Results : The diagnostic sensitivity of bronchial washing before and after forceps biopsy and bronchial brushing were 36% and 28%, respectively. The cumulative diagnostic sensitivity of bronchial washing was 47% and significantly higher than that of bronchial washing before or after forceps biopsy and bronchial brushing (p<0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of bronchial washing with saline of 30ml was significantly higher than that of bronchial washing with saline of 10ml or 20ml (p<0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity of the first brushing was 75%, the second brushing 78%, the third brushing 83%, and the fourth brushing 67%. With repeated brushing up to three times, the diagnostic sensitivity increased to 92% (p<0.05). However, inclusion of the fourth brushing did not give a further increase of the diagnostic sensitivity. The diagnostic sensitivity of forceps biopsy was 86%. The diagnostic sensitivities of forceps biopsy by the type of bronchial lesion were as follows: tumor, 88%; infiltration, 67%; infiltration with nodularity, 80%; and collapse, 100%. The combination of forceps biopsy and bronchial washing gave a diagnostic sensitivity of 89%. The diagnostic sensitivity of combining forceps biopsy with bronchial brushing was 97%. Addition of bronchial washing did not increase the diagnostic yield over forceps biopsy and bronchial brushing. Conclusion : In patients with central lung cancer, forceps biopsies and repeated brushings up to three times should be done for maximal diagnostic yield.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.146.1-146
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• 2003

연근의 박피에 따른 감모율은 10%를 넘지 않는 낮은 수준으로 우엉과 마찬가지로 brushing에 의한 박피가 가장 효과적이어서 감모율이 5.1% 수준으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 박피 처리후의 수분함량 변화도 근채류 전용박피기가 89.24∼87.27% 수준으로 차이가 가장 적게 나타났으며 박피 처리후의 갈변도도 0.02∼0.09 수준이었다. pH 변화도 근채류 전용 박피기에서 6.0∼6.5 수준이었으나 그 밖의 처리구에서는 거의 변화가 없었다. 한편, 마에 있어 박피 감모율은 우엉 및 연근과 비슷한 경향을 보여 brushing 처리에 있어 3.28% 수준, 근채류 전용박피기에서도 5.23%로 낮은 감모율을 나타내었다. 또한, 수작업에 의한 박피 시료는 brushing과 근채류 전용 박피기로 처리한 시료와 비교하여도 처리후의 수분함량 변화, 갈변정도, pH변화 등의 품질적으로 크게 차이가 없었으나 감모율은 9％ 수준으로 높게 나타났다. 그리고 실험에 사용한 6가지 근채류 중에서 화학적 박피가 가장 효과적인 품목으로 가열 온도 및 시간의 영향을 크게 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1077-1081
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• 2007

Thermal expanded core (TEC) fiber can reduce, being advantaged from thermal diffusion technology, connection loss by expanding the tolerance in relation to axial offset and gap when making optical connection having mode field diameter (MFD) of optical fiber expanded locally. In this paper, TEC fiber fabrication system based on the frame brushing techniques using twin-torch tip was designed and developed in order to maintain a stable thermal diffusion and single-mode when manufacturing TEC fiber. We were able to obtain that varied kinds of TEC fibers of which MFD could have been extended between $20\;{\mu}m$ and $40\;{\mu}m$ by TEC fiber fabrication system. In addition, the characteristic of connection loss was measured by alignment two TEC fibers of which MFD was $30\;{\mu}m$.