• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.471-488
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• 2011

The Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge comprising two main spans and two side spans. The bridge deck is supported by three towers, an end pier and an abutment. Each of the three towers consists of a single reinforced concrete mast strengthened by transverse cables and struts. The bridge deck is supported by four inclined planes of cables emanating from anchorages at the tower tops. In view of the heavy traffic on the bridge, and threats from typhoons and earthquakes originated in areas nearby, the dynamic behaviour of long-span cable-supported bridges in the region is always an important consideration in their design. Baseline finite element models of various levels of sophistication have been built not only to match the bridge geometry and cable forces specified on the as-constructed drawings but also to be calibrated using the vibration measurement data captured by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System. This paper further describes the analysis of axle loading data, as well as the generation of random axle loads and simulation of vibrations of the bridge using the finite element models. Various factors affecting the vehicular loading on the bridge will also be examined.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.217-224
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• 1999

A semi-stochastic process model of reliability was established for hyperbolic cooling towers subjected to combined loadings of wind force, self-weight, temperature loading. Effect of the soil-structure interaction on reliability was evaluated. By involving the gust factor, an equivalent static scheme was employed to convert the dynamic model to static model. The TR combination rule was used to consider relations between load responses. An analysis example was made on the 90M cooling tower of Maoming, Guangdong of China. Numerical results show that the design not including interaction turns to be conservative.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2003

The ski jump in Innsbruck known for the famous annual New Year "Four-ski-jump-tournament" has been fully renewed. The original jumping tower (built for the 1976 Olympic winter games) was fully pulled down and a new landmark similar to a lighthouse has been erected located on a small hill at the border of the city. Zaha Hadid(London) won the international architectural competition for this significant building. The constructional realisation has been ordered from Aste Konstruktion and has been finally honoured with the Austrian state award for consulting 2002. After a very strict timetable the building was already handed restaurant at the top.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.249-257
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• 2017

최근 당진-평택시에 위치한 서해대교에서 낙뢰로 인한 케이블 단선사고가 발생하였다. 이것은 자연발생 사고로 결론이 났지만 케이블교량의 단선으로 인하여 안전문제를 재검토하는 과정이 매우 중요한 일임을 상기하게 된 사건이다. 즉, 케이블 교량에서 케이블의 역할은 구조물의 안전에 지대한 영향을 미치며 이로 인해 전체구조체계에 대한 영향을 파악할 필요가 대두 되었다. 케이블 교량은 주 탑을 세우고 바닥판을 케이블로 지지하는 경제적 교량으로 케이블의 영향은 주 부재로써 전 교량시스템의 안전에 영향이 큰 부재이다. 사장교에서 케이블은 케이블의 장력이 변할 때 발생하는 사하중으로 인한 처짐의 변화 때문에 비선형 성을 가진다. 동적해석은 변형 된 사하중 접선강도행렬을 사용하여 되며 새로운 개념은 전체 교량에 대한 케이블 진동 (면내 및 스윙 모두)의 효과를 연구하기 위해 케이블을 여러 요소로 분할하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 전반적인 교량 역학에 케이블 진동의 중요성을 보여준다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제80권6호
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• pp.749-765
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• 2021

Suspension bridges bear large eccentric live loads in rush hours when most vehicles travel in one direction on the left or right side of the bridge. With the increasing number and weight of vehicles and the girder widening, the eccentric live load effect on the bridge behavior, including bending and distortion of the main girder, gets more pronounced, even jeopardizing bridge safety. This study proposes an analytical algorithm based on multi-catenary theory for predicting the suspension bridge responses to eccentric live load via the nonlinear generalized reduced gradient method. A set of governing equations is derived to solve the following unknown values: the girder rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction; the horizontal projection lengths of main cable's segments; the parameters of catenary equations and horizontal forces of the side span cable segments and the leftmost segments of middle span cables; the suspender tensions and the bearing reactions. Then girder's responses, including rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction, deflections, and torsion angles; suspenders' responses, including the suspender tensions and the hanging point displacements; main cables' responses, including the horizontal forces of each segment; and the longitudinal displacement of the pylons' tower top under eccentric load can be calculated. The response of an exemplar suspension bridge with three spans of 168, 548, and 168 m is calculated by the proposed analytical method and the finite element method in two eccentric live load cases, and their results prove the former's feasibility. The nonuniform distribution of the live load in the lateral direction is shown to impose a greater threat to suspension bridge safety than that in the longitudinal direction, while some other specific features revealed by the proposed method are discussed in detail.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.741-750
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 3차원 풍동실험을 이용하여 합성형 사장교의 공기역학적 특성을 분석하는데 있다. 2차원 풍동실험에서 선정된 내풍개선 단면을 가지고 영각, 풍각에 대하여 3차원 모형의 내풍안정성을 평가한다. 설계풍속에서 수직, 비틀림 와류진동, 비틀림 플로터 등의 공기 역학적 특성을 규명하였다. 또한 사장교는 FCM으로 대부분 가설하므로 가설단계에서 강성이 부족하다. 따라서 실험은 완성계, 2개의 가설단계, 독립주탑의 단계별로 나누어 진행되었다. 원설계가 강상형교로 설계되었기 때문에 강상형교와 합성형교의 내풍특성을 비교하였다. 이 논문은 중소형 합성형 사장교의 내풍특성의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다

• Wind and Structures
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-68
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• 2013

The fluctuating wind induced vibration is one of the most important factors which has been taken into account in the design of long-span bridge due to the low stiffness and low natural frequency. Field measurement characteristics of sustained wind on structure site can provide accurate wind load parameters for wind field simulation and structural wind resistance design. As a suspension bridge with 1490 m main span, the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB) has high sensitivity to fluctuating wind. The simultaneous and continuously wind environment field measurement both in mid-span and on tower top is executed from 2005 up to now by the structural health monitoring system installed on this bridge. Based on the recorded data, the wind characteristic parameters, including mean wind speed, wind direction, the turbulence intensity, the gust factors, the turbulence integral length, power spectrum and spatial correlation, are analyzed in detail and the coherence functions of those parameters are evaluated using statistical method in this paper. The results indicate that, the turbulence component of sustain wind is larger than extremely strong winds although its mean wind speed is smaller; the correlation between turbulence parameters is obvious; the power spectrum is special and not accord with the Simiu spectrum and von Karman spectrum. Results obtained in this study can be used to evaluate the long term reliability of the Runyang Suspension Bridge and provide reference values for wind resistant design of other structures in this region.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1299-1308
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• 1994

본 연구는 사장교의 차량하중에 의한 동적거동을 파악하고자 수치해석상 비교적 간단한 일본의 풍리(豊里)(Toyosato)대교(大橋)의 자료를 근거로하여 수치해석 대상모델을 구조형식별로, 여러가지 설계변수-즉, (1) 경간비, (2) 중앙경간장과 주탑높이와의 비, (3) 거어더의 강성, (4) 주탑의 강성, (5) 케이블의 강성-을 변화시켜 수치해석을 수행하여 동적거동을 파악하고, 그 결과를 가지고 설계변수의 영향 및 충격계수의 변화에 대하여 비교 분석하였다. 이때 변위 및 단면력의 영향선을 구하기 위한 해석은 전달행렬법을 이용하였으며, 동적해석에 있어서는 평면구조계의 집중질량계로 모델을 가정하여 차량과 교량의 운동방정식을 유도한 후 모드중첩법을 사용하여 각 질점에 대한 변위 및 단면력의 동적시간이력을 구하였다.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.139-145
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• 1996

Many of the bridge systems, including the girders and cross-beams, and concrete decks behave as the special othotropic plates. A method of calculating the natural frequency corresponding to the first mode of vibration of beam and tower structures with irregular cross-sections was developed and reported by D. H. Kim in 1974. Since 1989, The author has extended this method to Vibration analysis of two dimensional problems including composite laminates, and has reported at several conferenes. Frequently, the bridge floor panels are supported by girders and cross beams. Such panels as well as some of the building floor panels can be assumed as simple supported special orthotropic plates. In this paper, the result of application of simple method of vibration analysis developed by D. H. Kim, to the simply supported sandwich panels with point Mass/Masses is presented.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.255-270
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• 2019

Aerodynamic configurations of bridge decks have significant effects on the aerostatic torsional divergence and flutter forsuper long-span bridges, which are onset for selection of suitable bridge decksfor those bridges. Based on a cable-stayed bridge with double main spans of 1500 m, considering typical twin-box, stiffening truss and closed-box section, which are the most commonly used form of bridge decks and assumed that the rigidity of those section is completely equivalent, are utilized to investigate the effects of aerodynamic configurations of bridge decks on aerodynamic instability performance comprised of the aerostatic torsional divergence and flutter, by means of wind tunnel tests and numerical calculations, including three-dimensional (3D) multimode flutter analysis and nonlinear aerostatic analysis. Regarding the aerostatic torsional divergence, the results obtained in this study show twin-box section is the best, closed-box section the second-best, and the stiffening truss section the worst. Regarding the flutter, the flutter stability of the twin-box section is far better than that of the stiffening truss and closed-box section. Furthermore, wind-resistance design depends on the torsional divergence for the twin-box and stiffening truss section. However, there are obvious competitive relationships between the aerostatic torsional divergence and flutter for the closed-box section. Flutter occur before aerostatic instability at initial attack angle of $+3^{\circ}$ and $0^{\circ}$, while the aerostatic torsional divergence occur before flutter at initial attack angle of $-3^{\circ}$. The twin-box section is the best in terms of both aerostatic and flutter stability among those bridge decks. Then mechanisms of aerostatic torsional divergence are revealed by tracking the cable forces synchronous with deformation of the bridge decksin the instability process. It was also found that the onset wind velocities of these bridge decks are very similar at attack angle of $-3^{\circ}$. This indicatesthat a stable triangular structure made up of the cable planes, the tower, and the bridge deck greatly improves the aerostatic stability of the structure, while the aerodynamic effects associated with the aerodynamic configurations of the bridge decks have little effects on the aerostatic stability at initial attack angle of $-3^{\circ}$. In addition, instability patterns of the bridge depend on both the initial attack angles and aerodynamic configurations of the bridge decks. This study is helpful in determining bridge decksfor super long-span bridges in future.