• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.1230-1236
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• 2016

This study aims to determine the effect of fly ash with a high replacing ratio of clay on the radiation shielding properties of bricks. Some interaction parameters (mass attenuation coefficients, half value layer, effective atomic number, effective electron density, and absorption efficiency) of clay fly ash bricks were measured with a NaI(Tl) detector at 661.6 keV, 1,173.2 keV, and 1,332.5 keV. For the investigation of their shielding behavior, fly ash bricks were molded using an admixture to clay. A narrow beam transmission geometry condition was used for the measurements. The measured values of these parameters were found in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The elemental compositions of the clay fly ash bricks were analyzed by using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. At selected energies the values of the effective atomic numbers and effective electron densities showed a very modest variation with the composition of the fly ash. This seems to be due to the similarity of their elemental compositions. The obtained results were also compared with concrete, in order to study the effect of fly ash content on the radiation shielding properties of clay fly ash bricks. The clay fly ash bricks showed good shielding properties for moderate energy gamma rays. Therefore, these bricks are feasible and eco-friendly compared with traditional clay bricks used for construction.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 1980

To shield the radiation, we can make use of various materials, but the scattered rays can be caused by the shielding materials. The degree of the scattered rays production is influenced by the nature of the shielding materials and the energy of the radiation, therefore to choose the proper shielding material is the most important matter in radiation protection. Authors made an experimental study on the scattered rays generated from the shielding materials, and obtained the results as follows: 1. In the ranking of the scattered rays production: Cement bricks, black colored fire bricks, and red colored fire bricks were marked the first the second, and the third ranking respectly, and the last order was lead plates. 2. In the relative ranking of the scattered rays production by energy increase: Lead plates were marked the first order, the next and third order were red colored fire bricks and black colored fire bricks respectly, and cement bricks were marked the last order. 3. The scattered ray ratio of lateral-back point per lateral point were generally decreased by energy increment. The diminishing orders were that lead plates were the first order, and the next and the third order were red colored fire bricks and black colored fire bricks respectly, cement bricks were marked the last order.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2009

본 연구는 정수슬러지를 친환경적인 자원으로 재활용하기 위한 방안으로서 유해성이 없는 점토벽돌 및 보도블록 등으로 재활용하기 위하여 진행되었다. 정수슬러지를 점토벽돌 원료로 대체할 수 있는지에 대한 연구를 수행함에 있어 각각의 원료의 성상을 분석하고 일축압축강도, 흡수율, 중량 및 용출특성을 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 규사를 20% 고정시킨 후 정수슬러지 5~10%, 점토 70~75% 주입하였을 때 점토벽돌 한국산업규격 품질 1종(압축강도 210.1 $kg_f/cm^2$, 흡수율 10% 이하)에 가장 적합한 결과를 보였으며, 중금속 용출 실험에서도 모든 항목의 농도가 법적 유해물질 용출기준치 이하로 나타났다. 정수슬러지를 이용하여 점토벽돌 제작시 슬러지 5~10%를 주입하여도 시중에서 판매되는 점토벽돌의 품질에 떨어지지 않는다고 사료된다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2013

This study progressed an investigation on the cause of the efflorescence phenomenon of bricks in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, which is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage by using diverse scientific analyses. The samples were taken in Hwaseong and analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS for the material identification of efflorescence. We observed under a polarizing microscope and measured absorption factors for the basic investigation for traditional bricks. As a result of material identification, soluble salt($Na_2SO_4$, $KNO_3$) and insoluble salt($CaCO_3$) were detected. There was no big difference between original bricks and repaired bricks under the polarizing microscope. However, in terms of the water absorption rate, bricks which were used for repair nowadays showed low water absorption rate(1%). In conclusion, soluble salt and insoluble salt appeared due to an effect of an air pollution and joint mortar. Soluble salt was removed in the rainy season, but insoluble salt was not removed. As a result of the efficiency and safety tests for chemicals removing efflorescence, chemical E is likely to be the suitable chemicals for the efflorescence phenomenon of traditional bricks in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. In the future, consideration whether the use of lime is available or not should be studied through comprehensive researches including repair work, construction work and the environment factor with lime. Also, physical, chemical identifications of repairing bricks will be required.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.571-582
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• 2022

이 연구에서는 백제 웅진기 공주에 축조된 벽돌무덤 3기에 사용된 벽돌의 재료와 첨가물 특성을 분석하였다. 공주에는 무령왕릉, 왕릉원 6호분, 교촌리 벽돌무덤이 남아있는데, 각 고분을 구성하는 벽돌의 태토는 유사한 재료적 특성을 가지고 있지만 형태와 물리적 특성이 다르게 나타났다. 광물학적 특성 및 미세구조 분석 결과, 무령왕릉과 왕릉원 벽돌은 정제된 토양으로 제작되었고, 벽돌 분쇄물이 첨가물로 드물게 사용되었다. 반면 교촌리 벽돌무덤 벽돌에서는 길고 두꺼운 흑색 기공의 빈도가 높았고 미세조직 관찰결과에서 탄소가 농집된 식물탄화물과 잔존물이 확인되었다. 또한 기공은 주로 0.3~1mm 두께로 분포하고 있어 일정크기의 식물을 정제된 토양에 첨가하여 제작한 것으로 판단되며, 이와 함께 벽돌 분쇄물도 비짐으로 첨가하였다. 특히 식물과 벽돌 분쇄물의 첨가는 내부구조에 두꺼운 기공을 형성하거나 균열을 발생시키는 것으로 나타났다. 교촌리 벽돌무덤 시료는 내부 균열이 많고 소성온도도 낮아 초음파 속도가 왕릉원 시료에 비해 낮게 나타났고 물성이 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 이에 따라 벽돌의 첨가물과 소성온도, 내부구조 등은 벽돌의 내구성에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 생각되며, 이는 벽돌 제작 기술의 차이로 볼 수 있다.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2002년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.97-102
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• 2002

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the exterior materials of super high-rise housing more than 30 stories which were built in New York City between 1924 and 2004. The result of examining 153 buildings was as follows; Exterior materials of super high-rise housing which were used bricks, of the salt-glazed bricks, terra-cotta and ceramic tiles, jumbo bricks and bricks were preferred among them. The colour of bricks was yellow, yellow ochre, clear brown, brown, dark brown, orange, vermilion and red. Exterior materials of super high-rise hotel and hotel apartment were bricks and ceramic tiles in the early days but stones, curtain wall and glass(green glass, green-tinted glass, brown-tinted glass, black glass) after 1980s. The main colour of buildings extended gray, green, blue-tinted brown-tinted and black.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.81-84
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• 2005

We investigated the effect of inorganic impurities such as clay bricks and asphalt concrete in recycled aggregate on the properties of lean concrete. The optimized moisture content of lean concrete with clay bricks increased, because the absorption ratio of clay bricks is high. On the other hand, lean concrete with asphalt concrete produced an opposite result owing to low absorption ratio. The results showed that inorganic impurities did not have a significant effect on compressive .strength of lean concrete containing below 30$\%$ clay bricks and below 10$\%$ asphalt concrete.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.113-116
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• 2005

This study is contents about Separation ASCON, the Tiles and the Reds Bricks using the heavy suspension. The specific gravity of ASCON, the Tiles and the Reds Bricks are under 2.3. So we make the heavy suspension which the specific gravity is 2.3 and we separated ASCON, the Tiles and the Reds Bricks.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.193-198
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• 1978

Test-bricks were prepared from an artifically graded Ham Kang sand and a commercial CaO and autoclaved for 6 hours at $16 kg/cm^2$ pressure $(203^{\circ}C)$. Bricks were tested for compressive strength, free lime, saluble silica and amount of water absorption. Physical properties of bricks were very much depended on the size distribution of sand particle and the amount of soluble silica in bricks.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.165-186
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• 2007

With the advent of a wide variety of Internet shopping malls, consumers can choose a best appealing shopping mall from among the Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Player malls. Pure-Players launched their operation grandiosely with the early stage of Internet use in 1995. However, after the burst of Dot-com company bubbles in 1997, Pure-Players introduce various types of business models to meet potential needs of consumers. While Pure-Players suffer skeptical views from market analysts as well as consumers, traditional offline companies learned important lessons from Dot-com companies collapse phenomena, and expanded their business channels into online in the name of Bricks-and-Clicks. Nowadays, Bricks-and-Clicks successfully establish in the market as one of reliable business partners among consumers. Therefore, it is no surprise that recent competitions between Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players become fiercer than ever to attract potential customers to their websites. In this situation, consumers can choose a shopping mall to their best satisfaction. Consumers can enjoy both offline and online options for shopping because Bricks-and Clicks provide both offline and online channels to consumers, which is compared with Pure-Players offering only online channel. Offline channel is unique in providing consumers with chances to touch and feel target products and services. Meanwhile, online channel is considered very viable and convenient shopping options for consumers. In this respect, it is easily assumed that consumers will show different online shopping behavior when they have to choose either Bricks-and-Clicks mall or Pure-Player mall for the sake of shopping. Remaining research issue in this case is how much consumers' schema would influence online shopping behavior between Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. Basically, schema is a framework for synthetic information recognition that individual consumers have and is very characteristic in that it focuses not on fragmentary facts but on the combination of various causes affecting results. Consumers' schema is closely represented by trust, structural assurance, and perceived relative advantage towards a specific type of shopping mall. In literature, there exist a lot of studies comparing Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. However, there is no study to pursue the analysis of consumer behaviors comparing Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players from the schema perspective. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this research gap. Empirical analysis is adopted by garnering valid questionnaires from 514 Internet shopping mall users. 237 were mainly using Bricks-and-Clicks for shopping, while 277 were found to visit Pure-Players for shopping. PLS was applied to analyze the survey data to verify the proposed research hypotheses. Findings from the empirical test results are as follows. First, consumers perceive more trust and relative advantage in Pure-Players, comparing with Bricks-and-Clicks. This result is against widely-accepted perception that Bricks-and-Clicks would be perceived by consumers as more trustworthy and relatively advantageous because they have offline reputation and stores. Therefore, it becomes more obvious that Internet is becoming daily necessaries, and consumers increasingly feel very comfortable in using the Internet for their own personal purposes. Second, consumers have firm faith in transaction safety, regardless Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. This seems due to the fact that most of shopping malls showing dubious transaction safety have no place in the market. In a nutshell, empirical results tell us that Pure-Players will grow very much in the future, to the extent that consumers perceive no difference in comparison with Bricks-and-Clicks. Besides, consumers' schema accumulated through trust and perceived relative advantage plays crucial role in determining consumer behavior.