• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of breed, age of boar, season, parity and mating system on boar semen characteristics and fertilizing capacity. A total of 4181 sows and 199 boars of Durocs (D), Landraces (L), and Yorkshires (Y) were used for this experiment at Darby Artificicial Insemination Center from 1996 through 1999. Semen volume per ejaculate was largest in Landrace (266.8 $m\ell$), followed by Yorkshire, and was smallest in Duroc. Sperm motility did not show significant differences among the above breeds. Sperm concentration was lowest in Landrace (4.7$\times$10$^{9}$ sperm/$m\ell$) and was highest in Duroc (5.7$\times$10$^{9}$ sperm/$m\ell$). Semen volume per ejaculate according to the age of boars was largest at the age of 2 years, followed by the age of 4 and 3 years, and was smallest at the age of I year. Semen volume per ejaculate according to the season in boars was largest in winter (228.6 $m\ell$), followed by autumn and summer, and was smallest in spring. Sperm concentration was highest in spring (5.9$\times$10$^{9}$ sperm/$m\ell$), followed by summer and winter, and was lowest in autumn. The average litter weight at birth did not show any differences according to the mating type. But the number of pigs born alive per litter was largest (9.5 pigs) in the natural mating ＋ artificial insemination group, followed by the artificial insemination group (9.2 pigs), and was smallest (8.9 pigs) in the natural mating group (P＜0.01). The average litter weight at birth and number of pigs born alive per litter did not show any differences between the natural mating and artificial insemination. The L (♀)$\times$Y (♂) and L (♀)$\times$L (♂) matings show $\varepsilon$ d higher average litter weight at birth and number of pigs born alive per litter than the Y (♀) $\times$ Y (♂) and Y (♀) $\times$ L (♂) matings. The pigs in the 2~6th parities had higher average litter weight at birth and number of pigs born alive per litter than those in the 1 st and 7~9th parities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.814-819
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• 2004

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on feed intake and nutrient utilization of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing managements were adopted. The first was a shed- 20'${\times}$10' structure with all the four sides of 6' chain link fencing with central height of 10'. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets, with mud floorings. The second was an open corral- 20'${\times}$10' open space with all the four sides covered with 6' chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08:00 to 17:00 h during the yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed according to two housing systems (Shed and Open Corral). Three digestion trials were conducted during three defined seasons of monsoon, winter and summer seasons to determine the effect of housing on nutrient intake and utilization. Blood samples were collected in three seasons for the estimation of hemoglobin and glucose. Dry and wet bulb temperatures were recorded at 06:00 A.M. and 09:00 P.M. using suitable thermometers both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the THI between shed and open corral in all the seasons, indicating that the shed was always warmer compared to open corral. The daily dry matter intake (DMI, g/d) was 965, 615 and 982 in sheep housed under shed and 971, 625 and 1,001 in those housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer season, respectively. These differences were however non-significant (p>0.05). The digestibility of DM was 45.92, 45.13 and 50.30 in sheep housed under shed and 43.64, 45.02 and 55.02 in sheep housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer seasons, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the digestibility of nutrients in sheep maintained under shed and in open corral. Blood Hb concentration was 13.97, 14.13 and 13.15 in sheep housed under shed and 15.27, 13.63 and 14.82 in those kept in open corral, whereas blood glucose concentration was 59.67, 59.70 and 52.33 in sheep under shed and 61.00, 61.00 and 57.83 in open corral, during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. There was also no significant effect of housing on the body weight changes, wool yield and survivability in ewes. Although housing had no significant effect on nutrient intake, their utilization and blood parameters, there was significant effect on the physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained under the two housing systems (Bhatta et al., 2004). It can be concluded from this study that the housing systems didn't have any significant effect on the nutrient intake and utilization of native breed like Malpura, which were well adapted to the hot semi-arid conditions of India. However, while deciding provisions for housing of different breeds of sheep (both crossbred and native) parameters like physiological responses, energy expenditure, health conditions and overall economics of the systems should be taken into consideration.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2003

Data from live animal real time ultrasound (RTU) measures from 127 Hanwoo steers were used to assess nutritional physiology and relationship between RTU measures and real carcass measures represented meat quality. Traits considered were longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, and marbling score imaged and scanned using RTU by month and those of carcass measures at about 24 month of age. On this study, increasing pattern for longissimus muscle area would be closely related to growth pattern (p<0.01) and it of fat thickness would be related to quadratic effect of ages. Marbling score would be related to aging, that is, individual deviates of scores were distinctly characterized after 17 mo. even though they were started at about 11 mo. Correlation estimates between RTU measures and corresponding carcass traits were over 0.6 after 17 month of age for all traits considered and these estimates were high as 0.90 after 22 month of age. From this study, Real-time ultrasound measurement would be valuable after 15-17 mo. and measures at about 22 mo. would be helpful to decide age for slaughtering. To utilize these techniques for beef cattle breeding via progeny testing program, 15 mo. RTU measures would be efficiency rather than 12 mo. of other beef breeds. Further study to find genetic variation of RTU measures was needed to utilize these technologies for beef breeding.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.305-315
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• 1983

A survey was carried out from July to December in 1979 and 1982 for the investigation of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton in Seogwipo coastal area. Although a peculiar coastal sea water is formed by in flowing of fresh water, this is developed mainly in summer and disappeared or weakened in its strength after November. However, this coastal sea water covers only the surface while in mid and bottom layer open sea water is approached to the coast. Therefore, coastal and open sea water appears simultaneously in narrow sea area. Mean values of nutrient concentrates on surface layer during investigating period were $3.72{\sim}16.34{\mu}g-at/l$ in silicate, $1.98{\sim}5.53{\mu}g-at/l$ in nitrate and $0.34{\sim}0.90{\mu}g-at/l$ in phosphate. These showed slight differences among places but in general coastal side were lower than open sea side. Phosphates which is the lowest in concentrates among nutrients in Seogwipo coastal area shows almost similar value with Jinhae Bay but higher than open sea water around 10 mile south of Seogwipo. In general, seasonal changes of nutrients in investigating period shows a tendency of the lowest in October, increasing in November, and again slight decrease in December. As a phytoplankton fauna, 48 species, 1 variety and 2 breeds of Diatoms, 29 species, 3 varieties and 1 breed fo Dinoflagellates, and 1 species each of Chroococcus and Trichoceratium were found. Monthly predominant species are all neritic: Rhizosolenia sp. and Ceratium sp. in August, Chaetoceros sp., Ceratium sp. and Peridinium sp. in September, Astrionella sp. and Peridinium sp. in October, Astrionella sp., Navicula sp. and Chaetoceros sp. in November Among these, Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima in August and Astrionella gracillima in November are remarkable predominant.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.4
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• pp.145-180
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• 2006

In Korea, nation and nationalism are undeniable justice, absolute virtue and moreover system of desire. From the late Chosun Dynasty when the Korean Peninsula had to survive from the critical situation of being the arena of competition, and through the colonial period under Japanese imperialism, nationalism became stronger as a logic of survival. The policy of seclusion under closed and exclusive nationalism that didn't recognize the world situation well enough, eventually gave more pain to the nation. Nationalism in colonial Korea which was as reformed nationalism and on the other hand, as intransigent, resisting nationalism. Since the purpose of this writing is not for clarifying the argument raised on Korean nationalism, there is no use mentioning how it went with the change of time. But we have to focus on the fact that the word 'nation' which appeared under the influence of popular revolution and capitalism meaning 'a group of people', was translated and understood as a racial concept for strengthening the unity of 'single-race nation with five thousand years' history. First of all, there is nationalism used to fortify the system. 'The Charter of National Education' and 'The Pledge of Allegiance' were ornaments to intensify the ruling ideology and dictatorship to militarize entire South Korea for 'settling Korean democracy' professed nationalism. Also, another ruling ideology armed with 'self-reliance' put North Korea into the state of hypnosis called nationalism. Nationalism, claiming 'nation' outwardly, but in reality, being an illuminating, instructing ideology isolating each other was indeed a body with two faces. This made 'nation' in Korea mysterious and objective through work such as. The statue commemorating patriotic forefathers' and picture of national records' in South Korea art. Nationalism used to strengthening the system encountered the magical 'single-race' and made 'ghost' being an extreme exclusion to other nations. We can find pedigreed pureness not allowing any mixed breeds from the attitude accepting western art -via Japan or directly- and making it vague by using the word Korean and Asia. There's nationalism as a resistant ideology to solidify the system on the other side. It came out as a way of survival among the Great Power and grew with the task of national liberation to became as a powerful force facing against the dictatorship dominating South Korea after the liberation. This discussion of nationalism as a resistance ideology was active in 1980s. In 1980, democracy movement against the dictatorship of 5th Republic originated from military power which came out suppressing the democratic movement in Gwangju, spread out from the intellects and the students to the labors, farmers and the civilians. It is well known that the 'Nation-People(Minjoong)'s Art Movement could come out under this social condition. Our attitude toward nationalism is still dual in this opening part of 21st century. On one hand, they are opposing to the ultra-nationalism but are not able to separate it from nationalism, and on the other, they have much confusion using it. In fact, in a single-race nation like Korea, the situation of being nationalism and jus sanguinis together can cause dual nationalism. Though nationalism is included in the globalization order, it is evidence that it's effective in Korea where there are still modern fetters like division and separation. In particular, in the world where Japan makes East Asia Coalition but exposed in front of nationalism, and China not being free from Sinocentrism, and American nationalism taking the world order, and Russia fortifying nationalism suppressing the minority race after the dissolution of socialism, Korean nationalism is at the point to find an alternative plan superior to the ruling and resisting ideology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1223-1230
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• 2008

To evaluate the potential of a new breed, Suweon-511, antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of the 70% ethanol extracts of Suweon-511 (SWE) and Ilpum (IPE) were measured. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 318.17 and 167.21 $\mu$g/g for SWE, which were higher than that of IPE (222.16 and 100.89 $\mu$g/g). Both $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherol contents were higher in SWE as well. The total tocopherol contents of SWE (1.31 mg/100 g) was higher than that of IPE (0.86 mg/100 g). The $\alpha$-, $\gamma$- and $\delta$-tocotrienol contents of SWE (0.10, 0.43, and 0.02 mg/100 g) that of IPE (0.09, 0.43, and 0.03 mg/100 g) showed little difference. For $\gamma$-oryzanol, Suweon-511, which contained 76.58 $\mu$g/g, contained ten times as much as I lpum (7.77 $\mu$g/g). The total antioxidant activity of SWE and IPE were 16.00 and 9.73 mg AA eq/g, respectively. For reducing power, at 5 mg/mL, both extracts were 0.18, but at 20 mg/mL, SWE showed 0.61 and that of IPE was 0.58. The DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of SWE were 42.00, 21.59, 23.27, and 17.13% at 5 mg/mL, and for IPE, they were 30.10, 22.37, 25.18, and 18.08%, respectively. These data, as well, did not show big difference between the two breeds. As indicated in the data above, the newly-bred Suweon-511 had higher content of antioxidant components compared to Ilpum, but similar or a little higher antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2015

This study investigated the initial pH measured at 15 min post-mortem, ultimate pH, water holding capacity (WHC), and color of meats obtained from five lines of Korean native chicken (KNC) for the development of breed for high-quality meat. In addition, the effect of sex was examined. In total, 595 $F_1$ progeny (Black [B], Grey-Brown [G], Red-Brown [R], White [W] and Yellow-Brown [Y]) from 70 full-sib families were used. Chickens were slaughtered at 20 wk of age and the measurement traits of all breast and thigh meats from 595 chickens were analyzed. The initial pH at 15 min post-slaughter of the breast and thigh meats was affected by the line and sex of Korean native chicken (P<0.05). However, there was no line and sex effect on ultimate pH and WHC of the breast and thigh meat except that the ultimate pH of thigh meat had line effect. Except for the $L^*$ value of breast meat, the meat color was significantly affected by line and sex (P<0.05). The ultimate pH showed consistently negative correlation with the $L^*$ value and positive correlation with the $a^*$ value in breast and thigh meats. Based on the results, we concluded that the line W in male chickens and the line G and W in female chickens may be good candidates for the selection to develop breed for high-quality meat because these lines showed property of high initial pH or/and ultimate pH.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.249-259
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• 2014

Cryopreserving cells which are maintaining their viability are the very complex process. This study has been carried out in order to find the effects of cryopreservation steps and freezing media on the rates of viability of cryopreserved chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs obtained from the germinal gonade of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) chick embryos of Korean Ogye (KO) and Commercial breeds (C), using the MACS method were suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG)). Gonads were harvested from stage 28 chick embryos and pooled in groups of 5, 10, 15, 20E embryos, contributing gonads to the cell suspension. The gonadal cells, including PGCs, were then frozen in 1 of the following cryoprotectant treatments : 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 0% cryoprotectant (DMSO, EG, PG) as a control. Effects of exposure to slow freezing and vitrification, with different concentrations of the cryoprotectant solution, were examined. After vitrification and slow freezing, survival rates of the frozen-thawed PGCs from the 10% EG plus FBS treatment were 85.63%, and 66.14% (p<0.05), respectively. The viability of PGCs after freeze-thawing was significantly higher for 10% EG plus FBS treatment than for 10% PG + FBS treatment (p<0.05) (85.63% vs 66.81%) by vitrification. This study established a method for preserving chicken PGCs that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid ($LN_2$) at a germplasm repository and ease of entry into a data base. In the future, the importance for this new technology is that poultry lines can be conserved while work is being conducted on improving the production of germline chimeras.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.793-800
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• 2002

The characteristics of carcass and meat yields of fattening pigs by production steps were investigated with Landrace (LL, n=41), Yorkshire (YY, n=33), and Duroc (DD, n=30), $F_1$ (LY, n=25), the Crossbred of LYD (n=48). Duroc had more weight loss in carcasses weight than that of the other breed(p<0.05). Yorkshire and $F_1$ had higher production weight in retail cut than that of the other pure or crossbred. Carcass from Landrace and $F_1$ were significantly longer in length than the other breed(p<0.05). $F_1$ produced wider carcass than the other breed. Carcass thickness at aitch bone was higher for $F_1$ and Crossbred than the other breed(p<0.05). Landrace, Yorkshire and $F_1$ produced more loin and tenderloin in weight than the other breed (p<0.05). Yorkshire and $F_1$ produced more picnic shoulder when compared to the other breed. The hind legs produced from Yorkshire and $F_1$ were higher in weight and the fore legs produced from the Crossbred were higher in weight. Duroc produced the lowest weight of belly among the breeds. The acceptance level of loin were extremely low for all breed. Landrace had the highest acceptance level for tenderloin. Yorkshire had the highest acceptance level for picnic shoulder and ham when evaluated by export standard of Japan. In conclusion, The introduction of pure breed and establishment of mating steps are necessary to produce highly accepted pork with high acceptance in carcass and meat yields.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.593-606
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• 2005

Present study was conducted to investigate the optimal feeding levels for producing the high quality meat on the basis of the information deriving from the comparison of the growth performance and carcass characteristics among breeds(Holstein vs F1, Holstein♀×Hanwoo♂), sex(steer vs heifer) and interaction between breed and sex. Thirty two animals on 4 treatments(i.e. eight head each) were used for 540 days from seven to 24 months of age. The results obtained are summarized as follows; the range of average daily gains was 0.733 to 1.018, 0.994 to 1.255, 0.947 to 1.259 and 0.736 to 0.824kg for the growing, the early-fattening, the mid- fattening and the finishing periods, respectively. The range of average daily gains for the entire period was 0.882 to 1.061kg. The gains were higher for Holstein(7.3%) and the steers(10.5%) than F1 and the heifers, respectively. Concentrates and total digestible nutrients intakes per kg gain were higher for Holstein and the heifers than F1 and the steers, respectively. These findings may indicate that feed utilization is higher for Holstein than F1, and higher for the steers than the heifers. In carcass characteristics, back fat thickness was thicker for Holstein than F1, and rib-eye area was smaller for Holstein than F1. The rib-eye area per kg carcass weight was larger for F1 and the heifers than Holstein and the steers, respectively. Meat color was better for Holstein than F1, but the sex distinction did not show any differences. In physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi, shear force, cooking loss, water holding capacity and the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor for F1 and the heifers were better than those for Holstein and the steers, respectively. According to the above results, we may conclude that F1 and heifers rather than Holstein and steers are recommended for high quality meat production. In steers and heifers of Holstein and F1, the optimal feeding levels may be 1.9% of apparent body weight for concentrates and 25% of concentrates intake for rice straw.