• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.824-832
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• 2015

Heart sounds are the main obstacle in lung sound analysis. To tackle this obstacle, we propose a diagnosis algorithm that uses singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and frequency features of heart and lung sounds. In particular, we introduce a frequency coefficient that shows the frequency difference between heart and lung sounds. The proposed algorithm is applied to a synthetic mixture of heart and lung sounds. The results show that heart sounds can be extracted successfully and localizations for the first and second heart sounds are remarkably performed. An error analysis of the localization results shows that the proposed algorithm has fewer errors compared to the SSA method, which is one of the most powerful methods in the localization of heart sounds. The presented algorithm is also applied in the cases of recorded respiratory sounds from the chest walls of five healthy subjects. The efficiency of the algorithm in extracting heart sounds from the recorded breathing sounds is verified with power spectral density evaluations and listening. Most studies have used only normal respiratory sounds, whereas we additionally use abnormal breathing sounds to validate the strength of our achievements.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.2 s.33
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• pp.97-107
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• 2006

From the study on the relation of voice and O-jang(五臟廳), the conclusion is as follows. The function of breathing out in larynx is involved with lung and kidney. Lung press out the air, at the same time, kidney supports that to maintenance the density of air constantly. So the person who has short breathing can not make strong voice, and also if having a weak kidney in upper Cho[下蕉], their voice will be changed so very softly to cannot make hard type of voice and lingering sounds. Opening and Closing of vocal cords are controled by liver and spleen. when vocal cords are contracted, liver makes tension, whereas spleen does in slackness. So liver is likely to make high-piched sounds in tension of vocal cords, and spleen is the same to do smoothy and husky sounds through relaxing the vocal cords. In the rising condition of liver function, the temp of speech become fast, and more the pronunciation is clearer, it means that the function of thinking by spleen is operated well. Otherwise, indistinct pronunciation means that in the body seup-sa(濕邪) spreads. Also depression of emotion in speech often makes Gi(氣) of heart weaker, whereas it means regular condition of heart including Simpo(心包) that expression of emotion looks happy.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1251-1256
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• 2022

Auscultation of heart sounds using a stethoscope is the basic method to diagnose the cardiovascular disease and observation of abnormalities. However, the heart sound transmitted to the ear through the stethoscope is greatly affected by internal sounds such as organ movement or breathing. In addition, the user's experience significantly influences the accuracy of the auscultation result. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a wearable device that simultaneously measures heart sound and PPG signals for cardiac condition monitoring. The structure of the proposed device is designed to simultaneously measure heart sound and PPG signals when worn on a finger and placed on the chest. A prototype was implemented according to the design structure, and it was confirmed that the performance of measurements and collection for physiological signals was excellent through experiments.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.157-162
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• 2022

Cerebral palsy is one of the most serious forms of disorders of the psychophysical development of children, which manifests itself in disturbances of motor functions, which are often combined with speech disorders, other complications of the formation of higher mental functions, and often with a decrease in intelligence. The article will discuss the speech disorder in children with cerebral palsy. Emphasis is placed on some important aspects, which should bear in mind, investigating the problem of specifics of speech development of children with cerebral palsy. In particular at the heart of speech disorders in the cerebral palsy is not only damage to certain structures of the brain, but also the later formation or underdevelopment of those parts of the cerebral cortex, which are of major importance in linguistic and mental activity. This is an ontogenetically young region of the cerebral cortex, which is most rapidly developing after birth (premotor, frontal, temmono-temporal). It is important to take into account, that children with cerebral palsy have disturbances of phonemic perception. Often, children do not distinguish between hearing sounds, cannot repeat component rows, allocate sounds in words. At dysarthria, there are violations of pronunciation of vowel and consonant sounds, tempo of speech, modulation of voice, breathing, phonation, as well as asynchronous breathing, alignment and articulation. As a result, we identified the main features and specifics of the speech development of children with cerebral palsy and described the conditions necessary for the full development of language. Language disturbances in children's cerebral palsy depend on the localization and severity of brain damage. Great importance in the mechanism of speech disorders has a pathology that limits the ability of movement and knowledge of the world.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.153-159
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• 2019

Respiration is one of the important vital signs to determine the condition of the patient. Especially during deep sedation, since the patient's apnea and hypopnea are difficult to detect without continuous monitoring, there is a need for a continuous respiration monitoring method that can accurately and simply determine the patient's respiratory condition. Currently, respiration monitoring methods using various devices have been developed, but these methods have not only late response time but also low reliability at the clinical stage. In this study, attachable sensor using PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride) film and a monitoring device which could detect abnormal symptoms of breathing in early stage during deep sedation. The results of this study can be used in various medical fields including not only in the area of remote monitoring for respiration related sleep monitoring but also in routine monitoring during deep sedation.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.23-37
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• 2001

The primary sound produced by the vibration of vocal folds reaches the velopharyngeal isthmus and is directed both nasally and orally. The proportions of the each component is determined by the anatomical and functional status of the soft palate. The oral sounds composed of oral vowels and consonants according to the status of vocal tract, tongue, palate and lips. The nasal sounds composed of nasal consonants and nasal vowels, and further modified according to the status of the nasal airway, so anatomical abnormalities in the nasal cavity will influence nasal sound. The measurement of nasal sounds of speech has relied on the subjective scoring by listeners. The nasal sounds are described with nasality and nasalization. Generally, nasality has been assessed perceptually in the effect of maxillofacial procedures for cleft palate, sleep apnea, snoring and nasal disorders. The nasalization is considered as an acoustic phenomenon. Snoring and sleep apnea is a typical disorders due to abundant velopharynx. The sleep apnea has been known as a cessation of breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep. Several medical and surgical methods for treating sleep apnea have been attempted. The uvulopalatopharyngoplasty(UPPP) involves removal of 1.0 to 3.0 cm of soft palate tissue with removal of redundant oropharyngeal mucosa and lateral tissue from the anterior and sometimes posterior faucial pillars. This procedure results in a shortened soft palate and a possible risk following this surgery may be velopharyngeal malfunctioning due to the shortened palate. Few researchers have systematically studied the effects of this surgery as it relates to speech production. Some changes in the voice quality such as resonance (nasality), articulation, and phonation have been reported. In view of the conflicting reports discussed, there remains some uncertainty about the speech status in patients following the snoring and sleep apnea surgery. The study was conducted in two phases: 1) acoustic analysis of oral and nasal sounds, and 2) evaluation of nasality.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2023

Sleep apnea causes various secondary disease such as hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, depression and cognitive impairment. Early detection and continuous management of sleep apnea are urgently needed since it causes cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, wearable device for monitoring respiration during sleep using PVDF film was developed to detect vibration through trachea caused by breathing, which determines normal breathing and sleep apnea. Variables such as respiration rate and apnea were extracted based on the detected breathing sound data, and a noise reduction algorithm was established to minimize the effect even when there is a noise signal. In addition, it was confirmed that irregular breathing patterns can be analyzed by establishing a moving threshold algorithm. The results show that the accuracy of the respiratory rate from the developed device was 98.7% comparing with the polysomnogrphy result. Accuracy of detection for sleep apnea event was 92.6% and that of the sleep apnea duration was 94.0%. The results of this study will be of great help to the management of sleep disorders and confirmation of treatment by commercialization of wearable devices that can monitor sleep information easily and accurately at home during daily life and confirm the progress of treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2003

Background : Wheezing is an important clue in the diagnosis of asthma. Previously, a Korean National asthma survey used a written questionnaire, containing the question, "Have you ever experienced a breathing sound-like 'sack-sack' or a flute sound (the Korean description for wheezing) during the last 12 months?" The response to this question showed a large discrepancy between the prevalence of wheezing and physician diagnosed asthma. This might have resulted partly from a misunderstanding of the question, due to an inadequate description for wheezing. This study was aimed at finding how well the layman understands the term "wheezing" when described as a breathing sound-like 'sack-sack', a whistle or a flute. Subjects and method : Sixty subjects, without experience of wheezing(group I), and 45 subjects, with chronic cough alleging wheezing(group II), were recruited from the Hallym University's Sacred Heart Hospital, in Anyang, Korea. Four different breathing sounds; vesicular, wheezing, tracheobronchial and crackle, were played for the subjects, without any experience with wheezing, and they were asked "which sound is most like that you would imagine when asked about a breathing sound-like 'sack-sack', a whistle or a flute?" This was followed by replaying the true wheezing sound, and then a global assessment was requested for the concordance between the real wheezing sound and the imagined wheezing sound. The wheezing sound was played for those subjects alleging wheezing, and they were asked, "have you really experienced that sound". Results : Only 46.7% of group I answered correctly, with 13.3% choosing the vesicular sound, 16.7% the tracheobronchial sound, 5.0% the crackle and 18.3% failed to answer. The concordance between their imagined wheezing and the real sound was $69.3{\pm}22.4%(mean{\pm}S.D.)$. 77.8% of group II recognized the correct sound as the one they had experienced. Conclusions : Language is not sufficient to the layman for describing natural sounds, such as wheezing.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.62 no.10
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• pp.1444-1450
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• 2013

Esophageal stethoscope is used for monitoring the heart sounds and breath sounds of patients during surgery under a general anesthesia. Recently, an electronic esophageal stethoscope (EES)[1] has been developed for the purpose of real-time monitoring these information visually. This system uses only a microphone as the sound sensor. A drawback of the EES system is that it may be difficult to distinguish the first sound ($S_1$) and the second sound ($S_2$) of heart, because their periods are irregular depending on patients. In this paper, we propose an improved EES system in which the infrasound is measured by adding a pressure sensor as well as a sound sensor. We investigate some correlations between the infrasound and characteristics of the heart sound. The proposed system has been tested on 15 patients. The results show that the new system is capable of detecting the first sound more reliably and easily determining the heart rate and breathing period.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.92-95
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• 2018

Catathrenia is a rare sleep disease characterized by monotonous groaning sounds that appear to be related with prolonged expiration, commonly experienced during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Catathrenia is also known as nocturnal groaning or sleep-related groaning and is currently categorized as a sleep-related breathing disorder. We present a rare case of a 19-year-old male with nocturnal groaning during non-REM sleep. We suggest that if catathrenia is suspected, polysomnography should be utilized to differentiate it from various sleep disorders such as snoring, central sleep apnea, sleep talking, parasomnia, and sleep-related movement disorders.