• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.943-954
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the breast growth variation trends and characteristics of Korean adolescent girls based on 3D body measurements. Subjects were 174 girls aged between 13 and 18. 3D body scanning data were collected and the data were measured by Geomagic Design X program. The total of 18 anthropometric measurements and 4 index items were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows: 1) Overall, the breast growth of adolescent girls got out of children's body shapes at the age of 14 and the adult's body shapes appeared remarkably at the age of 18. Before the age of 15, the adolescent girls' breast enlarged. 2) The surface lengths of upper body, which means the breast volume, showed significant growth above B cup groups rather than under A cup groups. The demand of B cup size (32.2%) was higher than A cup size (25.9%). And 35.6% of subjects' brassiere band size was 70. 3) The thorax grew evenly in the circumference, depth and breadth. The thoracic development related to the breast volume as well as the whole upper body's development. These results reveal that it is necessary to develop adolescent girls' brassiere reflecting on adolescent girls' breast growth variation trends and characteristics by age, breast size and thoracic development.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2014

Background Currently, breast conservation therapy is commonly performed for the treatment of early breast cancer. Depending on the volume excised, patients may require volume replacement, even in cases of partial mastectomy. The use of the latissimus dorsi muscle is the standard method, but this procedure leaves an unfavorable scar on the donor site. We used an endoscope for latissimus dorsi harvesting to minimize the incision, thus reducing postoperative scars. Methods Ten patients who underwent partial mastectomy and immediate partial breast reconstruction with endoscopic latissimus dorsi muscle flap harvest were reviewed retrospectively. The total operation time, hospital stay, and complications were reviewed. Postoperative scarring, overall shape of the reconstructed breast, and donor site deformity were assessed using a 10-point scale. Results In the mean follow-up of 11 weeks, no tumor recurrence was reported. The mean operation time was 294.5 (${\pm}38.2$) minutes. The postoperative hospital stay was 11.4 days. Donor site seroma was reported in four cases and managed by office aspiration and compressive dressing. Postoperative scarring, donor site deformity, and the overall shape of the neobreast were acceptable, scoring above 7. Conclusions Replacement of 20% to 40% of breast volume in the upper and the lower outer quadrants with a latissimus dorsi muscle flap by using endoscopic harvesting is a good alternative reconstruction technique after partial mastectomy. Short incision benefits from a very acceptable postoperative scar, less pain, and early upper extremity movement.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.10-13
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• 2023

Patients with breast cancer can be positioned with their head turned to the contra lateral side or with their head straight during the radiation therapy treatment set-up. In our hospital, patients with locally advanced breast cancer who were receiving radiation therapy have experienced swallowing difficulty after 2 weeks of irradiation. In this pilot study, the impact of head position on reducing dysphagia occurrence was dosimetrically evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups viz., HT (head turned to the contra lateral side of the breast) and HS (head straight) with 10 members in each. Treatment planning was performed, and the dosimetric parameters such as Dmin, Dmax, Dmean, V₅, V₁₀, V₂₀, V₃₀, V₄₀, and V₅₀ of both groups were extracted from the dose volume histogram (DVH) of esophagus. The target coverage in the supraclavicular fossa (SCF) region was analyzed using D₉₅ and D₉₈; moreover, the dose heterogeneity was assessed with D₂ from the DVHs. The average values of the dose volume parameters were 27.6%, 58.6%, 35.4%, 19%, 13.8%, 14.1%, 11.8%, 8.4%, and 8.1% higher in the HT group compared with those in the HS group. Furthermore, for the SCF, the mean values of D₉₈, D₉₅, and D₂ were 42.4, 47.5, and 54 Gy, respectively, in the HS group and 38.9, 45.35, and 55.5 Gy, respectively, in the HT group. This pilot study attempts to give a solution for the poor quality of life of patients after breast radiotherapy due to dysphagia. The findings confirm that the head position could play a significant role in alleviating esophageal toxicity without compromising tumor control.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide for the basic data useful to the development of the quality of brassiere featuring a good wearing feeling and an effect of reinstating and correcting breast shape. For this purpose, 220 adult women aged between 20 and 59 were sampled to survey their actual breast shapes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1 According to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and items of width, depth, circumference and length were increased, being obeser and breast point were drooped. So volume and bottom are3 of breast of 40.50′s women′s age group were larger than 20.30′s women′s age group and breast point width of 40.50′s women was being wider by increase of interior dimensions of breast. 2. The components of adult women′s breast shape can be categorized into "obesity of breast", "upper dimensions of breast and drop", "lower dimensions of breast and drop", "location of breast point and vertical size of breast", "interior dimensions of breast", "exterior dimensions of breast" Such components of breast shape very in terms of weight or apparence depending on ages. Older women tend to have more droopy and widen breasts.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2008

목 적: 유방 보존 수술 후 방사선 치료를 받는 Large pendulous breast 환자에 있어서 엎드린 자세의 유용성을 평가해 보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 동일 환자에게 Breast board를 사용한 바로 누운 자세(Supine position: SP), Breast Supporting Device를 사용한 바로 누운 자세(Supine position with breast supporting device: SD), 그리고 Custom Prone mattress를 사용한 엎드린 자세 (Prone position: PP)를 모두 적용하였다. 각 방법에 대해 전산화단층촬영(High Advantage, GE Medical System, USA)을 시행하였고, 3차원 치료계획용 컴퓨터($Pinnacle^3$, Philips Medical System, USA)를 사용하여 세 방법에 대한 최적의 치료 계획을 세웠다. 평가를 위해 임상표적체적(CTV)과 조사되는 정상조직(동측 폐, 심장)의 용적(ILV, IHV)을 구하였고, 각 정상조직에 대해 Central Lung Distance (CLD)와 Maximum heart distance (MHD)를 측정하였다. 또한, 선량 체적 히스토그램(Dose-volume histogram, DVH)을 사용하여 CTV에서 $V_{95}$, $V_{100}$, $V_{105}$, $V_{110}$과 $D_{90}$, $D_{95}$를 비교하였고, 정상조직에 있어서 $D_5$와 $V_{20\;Gy}$ (동측 폐), $V_{18\;Gy}$ (심장)을 비교하였다. 결 과: SP와 SD에 비해 PP에서 ILV가 73.6%와 49.5%, IHV가 33.8%와 10.7%, CLD가 54.5%와 40.0%, 그리고 MHD에서 34.3% 와 20.7% 감소하였다. CTV의 선량 체적 히스토그램을 비교한 결과, SP에서 $V_{110}$이 0.2%인 것과 달리 PP에서 $V_{95}$가 96.2%, $V_{100}$이 61.5%, $V_{105}$가 1.2%, 그리고 $V_{110}$은 0%의 값을 나타내어 상대적으로 과다선량(hot spot) 영역 없이 Dose coverage가 우수함을 보여 주었다. 정상조직의 $D_5$는 동측 폐에 있어서 PP가 SP와 SD에 비해 57.6%와 52.2%, 심장에서는 13.9%와 11.4% 감소하였다. 또한, 동측 폐의 $V_{20\;Gy}$는 77.4%와 57.8%, 심장의 $V_{18\;Gy}$는 42.4%와 39.1% 감소하였다. 결 론: Large pendulous breast 환자의 방사선 치료 시, 엎드린 자세의 적용은 CTV의 선량 분포를 향상시키고, 동측 폐와 심장의 선량 감소를 가능케 한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1502-1506
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• 2006

To investigate the inhibitory effects of Citaowan (CTW) on the growth and angiogenesis of breast cancer in vivo. Orthotopic breast cancer model was established by injection of MDA-MB-231 cells into mammary fat pad of nude mice. Seven weeks after injection, CTW was orally administered at dose of 50, 100 mg/mouse every day for 40 days. Body weight, tumor volume, tumor apoptosis, microvessel density and tumor proliferation were evaluated, after the mice were sacrificed. The body weight and tumor volume were not significantly changed in CTW group compared with the control group. Tumor apoptosis, proliferation and microvessel density were significantly reduced in CTW group (100 mg/mouse) compared with the control group. These data indicate that CTW has anti-angiogenic and proapoptotic effects on breast cancer.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.282-292
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to provide for some basic data useful to the development of the brassieres comfortable and more suitable for obese women. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Obese women were categorized using Rohrer index into three groups, and thereupon, their breast forms were analyzed. As a result, it was found that group 1 and 2 had similar small breasts, while group 3 had the largest size of breasts. 2. The forms of obese women's breast split, protrusion and volume, factors related with breast area and drooping, factor affecting the breast protrusion and factor defining the lower form of breast. 3. The actual breast types of obese women could be classified into cone type, protrusion type, drooping type Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The more obese a woman was, her breast tended more to droop.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-75
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• 2010

This study is done in Shanghai area by sample survey of female college students in their lower 20s. Through direct contact survey, this study collected and analyzed information on figure to understand feature of breasts and measurements of body to provide base information to improve product of brassiere for adult female in China. Data was analyzed by using SPSSWIN 13.0 Program and SAS 9.0. 1. From a result of factor analysis on 40 items of measures to derive the components of the shape of the breast, 6 factors were derived such as the factors to show the obesity of the bust, to show the ratio of the upper and lower area of the lower bust, droop and volume, to show the internal shape and broadness of the bust, to show the location and vertical size of the bust, to show the protrusion of the bust and the eternal shape of the bust. 2. From a result of classification on the shape of the breast of the Chinese women in their early 20s, 4 types were selected. Type 1 is the protrusion type that a woman has a broad drooped breast due to the development in the upper and lower parts of the chest as well as the highest height, a high degree of obesity in the bust part, big volume and much protrusion. Type 2 is the hemisphere type that the degree of obesity in the breast is second to Type 1 and a breast is located at a region higher than Type 1 as the degree of obesity in the breast is secondly highest, the lower part of the bust is bigger than the Type 1 and the degree of being broad and drooped is second to Type 1. Type 3 is the cone type with a breast of being drooped and broad a little bit and a certain degree of a volume. Type 4 is the flat type with the smallest value in the item that shows the obesity of the bust area and with the smallest value in the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index to have the small and slender body type for the bust area, which is somewhat flat due to a low slope at the internal side of the bust.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7785-7788
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• 2015

Utilization of high energy photons (>10MV) with an optimal weight using a mixed energy technique is a practical way to generate a homogenous dose distribution while maintaining adequate target coverage in intact breast radiotherapy. This study represents a model for estimation of this optimal weight for day to day clinical usage. For this purpose, treatment planning computed tomography scans of thirty-three consecutive early stage breast cancer patients following breast conservation surgery were analyzed. After delineation of the breast clinical target volume (CTV) and placing opposed wedge paired isocenteric tangential portals, dosimeteric calculations were conducted and dose volume histograms (DVHs) were generated, first with pure 6MV photons and then these calculations were repeated ten times with incorporating 18MV photons (ten percent increase in weight per step) in each individual patient. For each calculation two indexes including maximum dose in the breast CTV ($D_{max}$) and the volume of CTV which covered with 95% Isodose line ($V_{CTV,95%IDL}$) were measured according to the DVH data and then normalized values were plotted in a graph. The optimal weight of 18MV photons was defined as the intersection point of $D_{max}$ and $V_{CTV,95%IDL}$ graphs. For creating a model to predict this optimal weight multiple linear regression analysis was used based on some of the breast and tangential field parameters. The best fitting model for prediction of 18MV photons optimal weight in breast radiotherapy using mixed energy technique, incorporated chest wall separation plus central lung distance (Adjusted R2=0.776). In conclusion, this study represents a model for the estimation of optimal beam weighting in breast radiotherapy using mixed photon energy technique for routine day to day clinical usage.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.118-130
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• 2012

Background: Women receiving mastectomy usually prefer a single-stage surgical procedure without the need for additional surgery. Hence, nipple sparing mastectomy was introduced, and the follow-up data on the aesthetic outcome and recurrence of breast cancer were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: The study subjects comprised 22 patients who received nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction using the free transverse abdominal rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap between June of 2007 and June of 2012. The patients' aesthetic outcomes were measured with 2 methods for the objective result: Breast size measurements and breast volume calculation both at preoperative phase and postoperative 1 years phase. Also, the patients' satisfaction was evaluated at postoperative 1 year with the self-assessment questionnaire. Follow up check for assessing cancer recurrence was performed for an average period of postoperative 1063 days. Results: First, in objective aesthetic outcome, there were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative results on both the breast size and the volume. Second, the patient satisfaction analysis scores were graded as very good in 15 patients (68.2%), and as good in 6 patient (27.3%). Most of the patients were very satisfied with our surgery method. Last, there was no local or distant recurrence in these 22 patients during the follow-up period. Conclusion: In this study, the nipple-sparing mastectomy achieved satisfactory results for the breast scar and shape with a single-stage surgical procedure, and the cancer recurrence rate was not significantly different from that of the conventional mastectomy. Besides, the nipple-sparing mastectomy is more cost-effective than the conventional mastectomy since it reduces the need for additional procedures. However, we think that it is necessary to determine the long-term outcomes about the recurrence rate.