• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to provide for the basic data useful to the development of a quality brassiere featuring a good wearing feeling and an effect of reinstating and correcting breast shape. For this purpose, 220 adult women aged between 20 and 59 were sampled to survey their perceived and actual breast shapes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Most adult women correctly perceive the changes of their breast shapes as they become older. However, the younger women tend to evaluate their breast as larger than their actual sizes, being more dissatisfied with their breast shapes than older women, while wanting their constitution to be more high and slim. In short, there is a little difference between their perceived and actual breast shapes. 2. The breast shape perceived most by the adult women is "droopy type I"(37.7%), followed by "conical type"(21.8%), "flat type"(16.8%), "semi-circular"(10.8%), "droopy type II"(8.6%) and "extruded type"(5.0%) in their order. The younger women tend to perceive their breasts as "flat", "conical" or "semi-circular", while the older women tend to perceive their breasts as "droopy". 3. According to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and items of width, depth, circumference and length were increased, being obser and breast point were drooped. so volume and bottom area of breast of 40ㆍ50's women's age group were larger than 20?30's women's age group and breast point width of 40ㆍ50's women was being wider by increase of interior dimensions of breast.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3325-3328
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• 2016

Background: There are limited studies on oncoplastic breast conserving surgery in Asian women. We aimed to determine the applicability and safety of oncoplastic surgery, highlighting the specific circumstances when it will be most useful and compare our preferred technique with the worldwide practice of oncoplastic approaches. Materials and Methods: Breast cancer patients who underwent oncoplastic breast conserving surgery at a single institution from 1st May 2014-31st March 2015 were included. Data on patient demographics, tumor characteristics and the type of oncoplastic surgery performed were collected. Results: Nineteen breast cancer patients were identified. 42.1% of patients had grade I ptosis. The indications for surgery included a large tumor to breast size ratio (52.6%), multifocal/multicentric lesions (36.8%) and asymmetric breasts (10.6%), averting a mastectomy in 89.4%. Round block was the commonest technique in 63% of patients, in contrast to the inverted T pattern most frequently used in renowned institutions in the West. Mean and median tumor size and weight of specimen were 29.4/25mm (11 - 75mm) and 77g/64g (10 - 246g) respectively. Re-excision rate was 10.5%. Complete mastectomy was performed for one patient. One patient developed wound dehiscence which was treated conservatively. Cosmetic outcome was rated as excellent/good by 94.7% of patients. The patients remained clinically well after a median 16 months follow up. Conclusions: Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery is useful in a specific subgroup of Asian patients with a relatively small breast volume and minimal ptosis. Round block was the commonest technique in our series, in contrast to the worldwide utility of oncoplastic techniques. It is oncologically safe and has good cosmetic outcomes.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2001

The numbers of breast cancer are increasing in Korea and the needs for breast reconstruction are also parallel with cancer frequency. The purpose of the study is to define the different state and condition between the delayed reconstruction and the immediate reconstruction of breasts and to suggest how to get more satisfactory outcome. The study included 22 patients who underwent delayed breast reconstruction using transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous(TRAM) free flap from December, 1990 to January, 2001. Their ages ranged from 28 years to 58 years. We have used internal mammary artery and vein as a recipient vessel in 13 patients because of fibrosis and severe scarring in the axillary region and thoracodorsal artery and vein in 9 patients. When we used internal mammary artery with recipient vessel, we would use contralateral deep inferior epigastric artery with donor vessel. We obtained satisfactory result without any flap loss, and most patients satisfied with shape and volume of reconstructed breast. We found that delayed breast reconstruction have some differences compared with immediate breast reconstruction. First, we remove fibrotic and scar tissue as much as possible to achieve satisfactory shape of breast. Second, we plan preoperative design in standing position to obtain symmetrical recreation of inframammary fold. Third, we use internal mammary vessel in many cases with recipient vessel for microvascular anastomosis. Fourth, patients with delayed breast reconstruction feel more satisfaction than patients with immediate breast reconstruction do. Finally, economic burden is much higher in the delayed case than in the immediate case because of no coverage with insurance.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2020

Background Perforator artery flaps based on the branches of intercostal arteries and lateral thoracic artery can be used for reconstruction after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Although described more than a decade ago, these have not been adopted widely in clinical practice. We report on short-term and long-term surgical outcomes of partial breast reconstruction using chest wall perforator flaps from a prospective multicenter audit. Methods All patients operated for BCS and partial breast reconstruction using intercostal artery perforator or lateral thoracic artery perforator flaps from January 2015 to October 2018 were included in the analysis. Oncoplastic breast surgeons with appropriate level of training performed all tumor excisions and reconstructions as a single-stage procedure. Patient characteristics, treatment details and surgical outcomes were noted. Specific outcomes recorded were margin re-excision and complication rates. Results One hundred and twelve patients underwent the procedure in the given study period. The median age was 54 years. Median specimen weight was 62.5 g and median volume of excision was 121.4 mL. Fifteen patients (13.39%) underwent a margin re-excision for close or positive margins without additional morbidity. One patient required a completion mastectomy. Eight patients (7.14%) had an early complication. None of the patients required a contralateral symmetrization procedure. The results were comparable across the participating centers. Conclusions Chest wall artery perforator-based flaps are an excellent option for lateral and inferior quadrant partial breast reconstructions. The short and long-term surgical outcomes are comparable across sites and can be performed with minimal morbidity. Patient-reported outcome measures need to be studied.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 1991

The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the determinants of mother's choice of infant feeding method on immediate postpartum period & the breast feeding practice after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5months. The subjects were 170 mothers who were delivered at 2 hospital, 2 OBGY clinics, 1 midwifery in Jinju, the data were collected from Jan. 1 to Feb. 20 of 1991, form each subject at two periods of time ; postpartum 2 or 3 days via interview, 5months via telephone interview. The results were as fellows : 1. The propotion of mother planned exclusive breast-feeding was 66.5%, milk feeding 17.6%, mixed feeding 15.9%, End 38.9% of mothers planned to breast-feed their infants for 4-6moths, 25.7% for more than 12 months. The major reasons for selection of milk feeding method were the presence of mother's job(26.7%), the conditions of breast & milk production(23.7%). 2. There were significant relations between the choice of feeding method & the presence of s job(p<.01), & parity(p<.01). 3. The percentages of subjects that were received education about the advantages & method of breast feeding were 63.5%, 38.2%, respectively, & the informants were mass media, 89.8%, 81.5%. 4. The most of mothers had the knowledge about the advantages of breast feeding. 5. The percentage of mothers that practiced breast feeding on postpartum were 75.9%. 6. The rates of breast feeding practice by duration were more than 5months, 60.5%, 1 month, 27.1%, 2-4 months. 12.3%. 7. The reasons for the stop of breast feeding were the decrease of milk volume(22.9%), the presence of mother's job(17.4%). 8. The duration of breast feeding practice were differed significantly by the presence of mother's job, type of delivery, rooming-in, planned duration of breast feeding, the first feeding time.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2017

Purpose: To report the results of a correlation analysis of skin dose assessed by in vivo dosimetry and the incidence of acute toxicity. This is a phase 2 trial evaluating the feasibility of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) as a boost for breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Eligible patients were treated with IORT of 20 Gy followed by whole breast irradiation (WBI) of 46 Gy. A total of 55 patients with a minimum follow-up of 1 month after WBI were evaluated. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSLD) detected radiation dose delivered to the skin during IORT. Acute toxicity was recorded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Clinical parameters were correlated with seroma formation and maximum skin dose. Results: Median follow-up after IORT was 25.9 weeks (range, 12.7 to 50.3 weeks). Prior to WBI, only one patient developed acute toxicity. Following WBI, 30 patients experienced grade 1 skin toxicity and three patients had grade 2 skin toxicity. Skin dose during IORT exceeded 5 Gy in two patients: with grade 2 complications around the surgical scar in one patient who received 8.42 Gy. Breast volume on preoperative images (p = 0.001), ratio of applicator diameter and breast volume (p = 0.002), and distance between skin and tumor (p = 0.003) showed significant correlations with maximum skin dose. Conclusions: IORT as a boost was well-tolerated among Korean women without severe acute complication. In vivo dosimetry with OSLD can help ensure safe delivery of IORT as a boost.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.504-508
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• 2012

Background The most common complication of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in breast reconstruction is seroma formation in the back. Many clinical studies have shown that fibrin sealant reduces seroma formation. We investigated any statistically significant differences in postoperative drainage and seroma formation when utilizing the fibrin sealant on the site of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap harvested for immediate breast reconstruction after skin-sparing partial mastectomy. Methods A total of 46 patients underwent immediate breast reconstruction utilizing a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap. Of those, 23 patients underwent the procedure without fibrin sealant and the other 23 were administered the fibrin sealant. All flaps were elevated with manual dissection by the same surgeon and were analyzed to evaluate the potential benefits of the fibrin sealant. The correlation analysis and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analyzing the drainage volume according to age, weight of the breast specimen, and body mass index. Results Although not statistically significant, the cumulative drainage fluid volume was higher in the control group until postoperative day 2 (530.1 mL compared to 502.3 mL), but the fibrin sealant group showed more drainage beginning on postoperative day 3. The donor site comparisons showed the fibrin sealant group had more drainage beginning on postoperative day 3 and the drain was removed 1 day earlier in the control group. Conclusions The use of fibrin sealant resulted in no reduction of seroma formation. Because the benefits of the fibrin sealant are not clear, the use of fibrin sealant must be fully discussed with patients before its use as a part of informed consent.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2018

Background Oncoplastic surgery is being increasingly performed in Korean women; however, unlike Westerners, Korean women usually have small to moderate-sized breasts. To achieve better outcomes in reconstructed breasts, several factors should be considered to determine the optimal surgical method. Methods A total of 108 patients who underwent oncoplastic surgery from January 2013 to December 2016 were retrospectively investigated. We used various methods, including glandular tissue reshaping, latissimus dorsi (LD) flap transposition, and reduction oncoplasty, to restore the breast volume and symmetry. Results The mean weight of the tumor specimens was 40.46 g, and the ratio of the tumor specimen weight to breast volume was 0.12 g/mL in the patients who underwent glandular tissue reshaping (n=59). The corresponding values were 101.47 g and 0.14 g/mL, respectively, in the patients who underwent reduction oncoplasty (n=17), and 82.54 g and 0.20 g/mL, respectively, in those treated with an LD flap (n=32). Glandular tissue reshaping was mostly performed in the upper outer quadrant, and LD flap transposition was mostly performed in the lower inner quadrant. No major complications were noted. Most patients were satisfied with the aesthetic results. Conclusions We report satisfactory outcomes of oncoplastic surgical procedures in Korean patients. The results regarding specimen weight and the tumor-to-breast ratio of Asian patients will be a helpful reference point for determining the most appropriate oncoplastic surgical technique.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.12-28
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to help develop high quality brassieres with functionality and comfort, fitting adolescents' physical features during their growth period. This study conducts a comparative analysis of juvenile brassiere and adult brassiere to identify the problems of brassieres in the market. The raw data for this study was processed by SPSS 10.1. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The results of this survey show that the girls' satisfaction of their breasts has correlations between breast protrusion degree and volume. The girls think that if they have protrusive breasts their breast volume is big, and their breast satisfaction level shows high. 2. The results show that the objective of brassiere wearing is to prevent breasts sag and rupture, make good breast shape, balance their entire body shape, and make beautiful outer garment line. Brassiere functions are to prevent jiggle of breasts, make a good body line, and cover the nipples. For the grader school students, they are wearing brassiere to make a good balanced body and as their breasts developed, they are wearing brassiere for beautiful body shape not just to cover up their breasts. 3. In regard to brassiere cup size recognition, as students have higher grade at school, they have better recognition abouxt their cup size. As they are better aware of their cup size, they have better satisfaction with their cup size. Therefore, choosing the right size of brassiere for their bust is very important. 4. Girl students' brassiere preference shows that 317 students (56.9%) prefer white for brassiere colors, following pink and flesh color. Their most preferred brassiere material is cotton (354 people, 63.6%) because cotton is not sensitive even for weak skin. For brassiere style, 273 students (49%) prefer round style, following spots and mold. Their most preferred brassiere style is stake. In addition, brassiere should not press their breasts because their breasts are developing during puberty period.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.125-130
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• 2015

Techniques, using physical wedge filter and using dynamic wedge filter and FIF(Field in Field) and ISCT(Irregular Surface Compensating Technique), have been developed according to progress of radiation therapy of breast cancer. Measurement of dose was done to judge the usefulness of technique using three cases, non tissue loss after breast conserving operating and tissue loss after breast conserving operating and mastectomy. Dose indexes of breast tissue, CI (Conformity Index), HI (Homogeneity Index) and QOC (Quality of Coverage), dose index of skin, or dose indexes of lung, volume of 50 percent dose and 20 percent dose were estimated and compared. Using dynamic wedge filter is useful plan at non tissue loss allowing for high dose of lung. FIF and ISCT are useful plan at tissue loss. ISCT is useful plan at mastectomy. Henceforth, we need to apply to valid plan and body type and thorax size.