• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 1999

Objective: The clinical significance of mass screening for thyroid carcinoma remains unclear. This study was carried out to clarify the value of mass screening for thyroid carcinoma. Materials and Methods: From December 1997 through July 1998, a total of 1,401 subjects who were enrolled to receive breast screening or follow-up examination for breast cancer were included in this study. Thyroid glands were examined by 10 MHz ultrasonography by one experienced radiologist. The patients with thyroid nodules were classified into 2 groups according to their potential risk of malignancy by ultrasonographic findings(high-risk : hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, irregular margin, taller than wider shape). High-risk patients were advised to undergo fine-needle aspiration biopsy and thyroidectomy. The characteristics of the thyroid cancers detected by ultrasonographic mass screening were compared by those of clinical thyroid cancer excluding male patients during the same period. Results: Thyroid nodules were detected in 353(25.2%) of the subjects and 259(73.4%) were listed in the low-risk group and 94(26.6%) in high-risk group. Among 94 patients in the high-risk group, 43 underwent thyroidectomy and 37 turned out to have thyroid carcinomas. Thus, the detection rates for carcinoma were 2.6% of all subject, 10.5% of the detected nodules, 36.4% of the high risk women and 86.0% of the operated cases. The tumor size was significantly smaller in the mass-screening group than in the clinical cancer group(p<0.05). However, there was no statistical differences between two groups in the prevalences of neck node involvement and extracapsular invasion and the patients distributions by AMES score, MACIS score and TNM stage. Conclusion: Ultrasonogrpahic mass screening may be useful for the early detection of thyroid carcinoma in women who are scheduled to have breast examination.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.502-517
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• 2008

The purpose of the study lies in the measurements of breast shapes and upper body types for the women in their 40's, with the use of 3D measurement system, and in the presentation of brassiere patterns fit for their body types. As for the study method, 3D human body types were analyzed with RapidForm 2006, and the upper-body types and breast shapes were statistically classified through technical statistics analysis, cluster analysis, t-test, variance analysis, and cross analysis. The wearing tests went through the comparison of the brassieres of three makers in the market and the experiment brassieres(first and second) and then the evaluations were made by the subjects, the outer appearance assessment by experts, and 3D measurements. The findings of the study indicated that the evaluation of experiment brassieres was excellent in every item, and he significant difference was found out particularly in the items of pressure, rear center, front center, breast underneath, adequate level by wing, and adequate level by armhole. According to the results of 3D evaluation, experiment brassieres had a highest point in fitness with no physical pressure at the wing part and no overall deviation at the cup art. The pattern comparison showed the differences in the parts of total cup angle, cup circumference length, lower cup height, wing length, and wing angle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.157-175
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• 2015

The study was aimed to develop a torso-type dress form representing body features of the female fashion models in Korea. To fulfill this purpose, 5 female fashion models aged between 20 and 26 having the average body measurements of professional fashion models in Korea were selected and their 3-D whole body scanned data were analysed. The 3-D whole body scanning method enabled to generate a virtual female fashion model within the CAD system by measuring the subjects' body shapes and sizes. In addition, the virtual model's body data led the development of a standard female fashion model dress form for the efficient fashion show preparation. In order to manufacture the real dress form for female fashion models, 3-D printing technology was adopted. The consequent results are as follows: (1) the body measurements (unit: cm) of the developed dress form were: biacromion length, 36.0, bust point to bust point, 16.6, front/back interscye lengths, 32.0/33.0, neck point to breast point, 26.0, neck point to breast point to waist line, 41.5, waist front/back lengths, 34.5/38.5, waist to hip length, 24.0, bust circumference, 85.0, underbust circumference, 75.0, waist circumference, 65.0, hip circumference, 92.0. (2) the body measurements differences between the developed and existing dress forms were highlighted with the body measurements of neck point to breast point and waist to hip length. (3) the body shape features of the developed dress form showed that bust, shoulder blade, shoulder slope, abdomen and back waist line to hip line parts were more realistically manufactured.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 2007

Purpose: Gynecomastia is an abnormal increase in the volume of the male breast. Patients affected by gynecomastia with significant glandular enlargement may respond to suction alone and/or sharp dissection and excision. The purpose of this report is to introduce the indications and results of authors' two techniques. Methods: The diameter of parenchyme was determined by a pinch test after liposuction. For the parenchymal diameter less than 4 cm, ultrasound-assisted liposuction was performed, in conjunction with the "pull-out technique" to effectively remove the fibrofatty tissue of the male breast through a single 5-7 mm incision. For the parenchymal diameter more than 4 cm, ultrasound-assisted liposuction and excision were applied through 2.5 cm periareolar approach. Results: A total of 94 patients (185 breasts) underwent the operation from October 2000 to October 2003 and mean follow-up period was 12 months. The volume of aspirates ranged from 50 to 450 cc per breast. There were no major complications such as skin flap necrosis. Five reoperations were performed for 1 hypertrophic scar, 2 under-resected and 2 hematoma cases. The patient's satisfaction was high and most of them were pleased with the shape of the breasts and scars. Conclusion: These procedures can minimize scars and reduce the incidence of contour problem such as saucer deformity, and provides consistent results. Patients can return to full activities in 48 hours. It can be offered as an option for the treatment of gynecomastia.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2019

Background Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have recently become widely used in breast reconstruction, but the correlation between the final expander volume and the surface area of the ADM is not well understood. In this study, the expansion of the surface area of ADM and the expander volume was studied retrospectively in cases of acellular dermis-assisted tissue expander breast reconstruction. Methods Twenty cases of immediate breast reconstruction using an ADM-assisted tissue expander from January 2015 to December 2015 were evaluated. In all 20 cases, CGCryoDerm was used as the matrix, with a thickness of 1-3 mm. No slit incisions were made. Finally, the proportional increase in the area of the fully expanded ADM was compared to that of the tissue expander volume. Results The proportional increase in the ADM surface area was calculated to be from 1.1 to 2.46, with a mean value of 1.7. Additionally, under the assumption that the expander had a spherical shape, the increase in its radius (the cube root of its volume) was assessed. The range of the proportional increase in the expander radius was 1.1 to 2.24, with a mean value of 1.66. The proportional increase in the radius of the expanded ADM surface area ranged from 1.04 to 1.34, with a mean ratio of 1.28. Conclusions The results of this study confirmed that the ADM expanded when the tissue expander was inflated. However, the ADM expanded to a lesser extent than the tissue expander, indicating that the muscle and other tissues expanded more than the ADM when the tissue expander was inflated.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.172-186
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• 1993

The survey was performed on 201 cases of mothers who visited pediatric hospitals and public health clinics in Pusan and Kyeong-nam provinces from Dec. 10 to Dec. 30 of 1993. If this study, each infant weighed over 2500gm and between 2 months and 12 months old. The research was statistically analyzed according to the percentage, Pearson correlation, $x^2$-test. The result of this study were as follows ; 1. Feeding method related to the job of mother (p<0.01). 2. Feeding method related to the way of bringing up child(p<0.05). 3. Whether the mother and child shared the same room effected the feeding method (p<0.01). 4. The shape of nipple before breast feeding related to feeding method. 5. The reason for stopping breast feeding related to feeding method(p<0.01). 6. First breast feeding related to period of seperation after delivery(p<0.05). 7. Plan of breast feeding related to birth weight (p<0.05).

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2010

Purpose : To examine the imaging findings of mucinous breast carcinoma and to evaluate the difference in these findings based on the histopathologic grade. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the imaging features according to BI-RADS in 29 patients with surgically proven mucinous carcinoma. The histopathologic grade was classified as well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated. Based on these criteria, the differences in imaging findings were statistically analyzed. Results : Mammography was available in 20 cases, which contained 17 mass lesions (85%) and 3 cases of normal findings. On ultrasonography (27 cases), mucinous carcinoma was observed as a mass with an oval shape (59.3%), a microlobulated margin (55.6%) or an inhomogeneous isoechogenicity (74.1%). On MRI (21 cases), mucinous carcinoma was commonly observed to have a lobular shape (76%), smooth margin (86%) or heterogeneous contrast-enhancement (61.9%). On the kinetic curve, there was a delayed wash-out pattern (52.3%). There were no significant differences in the imaging findings for each histopathologic grade except that a welldifferentiated tumor had an abrupt interface. Conclusion : A well-differentiated mucinous carcinoma tended to have an abrupt interface on ultrasonography, as compared with the moderately-differentiated one. Mucinous carcinoma showed a heterogeneous enhancement and a delayed washout kinetic curve pattern on dynamic MRI.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2008

Purpose: In FDG-PET/CT of breast cancer, a sensitivity was 80~96% and a specificity was 75~95% commonly. It was valuable to identify a cancer in early stage been difficult in Mammography. Most of the PET/CT scans have been examined on supine position, so, the image of breast has been acquired by reconstructed whole body scan image. However, using prone position with a compensator, a shape of breast was reassembly shown to be real by gravity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate diagnostic value of prone position in FDG PET-CT of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: 30 female patients with doubtful or positive breast cancer were examined. The PET-CT whole body scan was acquired at 60 minutes after $^{18}F$-FDG injection on Supine position. Then, regional breast spot scan was progressed on prone position using a compensator. Each image was evaluated by physicians blinded to patient's data, and statistical analysis did through SUVs measured in PET-CT images. Results: In 27 of 30 patients, prone position was shown accurate discrimination and diagnostic value, but in another 3 patients had a lesion 1cm below, PET-CT couldn't detect it, unlike MRI. Consequently, prone position distinguished a lesion better than Supine position, because of low degree of metamorphosis by gravity. The SUVs analysis of each position was significant (p value=0.004). Conclusion: In PET-CT of breast cancer, prone position could detect micrometastasis as well as primary lesion, better than supine position. Therefore, this study proposes that any technical change considered morphological feature like prone position can offer adequate and useful diagnostic information, together with complementary quantitative analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.8
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• pp.46-60
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• 2016

Countries have different brassiere patterns, and this study produced and compared 3/4 brassiere patterns from different countries to determine the difference in patterns, and to investigate the stress distribution and shape of cross section while wearing brassieres using 3D virtual fitting system. Despite the growing interest in underwear, there is a lack of related books and research on brassiere patterns, which causes the difference in sizes and pattern drafting methods by countries. Thus, research on this is needed. 3D virtual fitting system has been introduced to compare patterns, thereby improving visible effects and reducing the loss in cost caused by underwear pattern fitting test. According to the result of pattern analysis, The Secoli type exhibited the least breast cover rate (14.9 cm), while the largest cover rate was shown in Christina and ESMOD types (17.7 cm). It is believed that the difference in pattern drafting causes the difference in the total length of a brassiere. Furthermore, the Secoli, Moda Burgo, and ESMOD brassieres drafted from basic bodice pattern were found to be longer than the Christina and Han Sunmi brassieres attained from direct pattern drafting. Moreover, the darts' volume of upper and lower cups in Christina and Han Sunmi types was similar in shape. The shapes of cradle drafted from basic bodice pattern were a straight line, while those from direct drafting formed a curved shape. In fitting multiple cross sections, the Secoli, Moda Burgo, and ESMOD brassieres had gaps between the brassieres and the body. Among these, the largest number of gaps was observed in the ESMOD type pattern. This study aimed at performing comparative analysis of various brassieres' pattern drafting types as a basic research for developing a brassiere pattern drafting type.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.861-866
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• 2011

Purpose: Together with the breast, buttocks are an important element of attractive body contour. To make a beautiful buttocks, improvement of body contour around the buttock as well as buttock augmentation and lifting is also important. The authors investigated characteristic features of buttocks in Koreans and report about the results of liposculpture and autologous fat injection for improving buttock's contour. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 21 patients who would like to gluteal reshaping. We checked about buttock's ptosis, projection, depression, gluteal retraction and excessive fat accumulation around buttocks. Depending on it, we performed liposculpture and autologous fat injection. Under general anesthesia, we harvested fat from excessive fat accumulation areas around buttocks, and injected into buttocks medio-superiorly. Postoperatively, pillows were positioned on the bed not to press the buttocks which were injected with the fat. Results: Based on the shape of buttocks, A-shape is seen in 4 cases (19%), V-shape 3 cases (14%), squareshape 9 cases (43%), round-shape 5 cases (24%). Based on the Gonzalez's ptosis grading method, 1 degree ptosis is 1 case (4%), 2 degree ptosis is 6 cases (29%), 3 degree ptosis is 8 cases (38%), 4 degree ptosis is 6 cases (29%). There were no complications such as infection, hematoma, pain, dysparethesia. The subjective assessment of surgical results by patients was excellent. Conclusion: To make a beautiful buttock, improvement of body contour around the buttock as well as buttock augmentation and lifting is also important. Liposculpture and autologous fat grafting are very safe, useful and easy methods for improving buttock's contour.