• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1187-1193
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• 2010

To elongate the shelf-life of Angelica keiskei and Brassica loeracea var. acephala vegetable juices, UV irradiation was used and the changes of antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging ability were investigated. The content of polyphenols of vegetable juices were slightly reduced by UV treatment and/or storage period. The DPPH radical-scavenging activities of the vegetable juices treated by UV were higher than that of control but were not changed during storage. However, $ABTS{\cdot}^+$ reducing activities of the vegetable juices were reduced by UV treatment. The $ABTS{\cdot}^+$ reducing activity of Brassica loeracea var. acephala juice was lower when the flow rate was slower. The ferrous ion chelating effects of Angelica keiskei vegetable juices were reduced by UV treatment. In contrast, the ferrous ion chelating effects of Brassica loeracea var. acephala vegetable juices were not different from those of right after manufacturing. The ferrous ion chelating effects on both vegetable juices increased during storage periods. The inhibitory activity of lipid oxidation was decreased slightly by UV treatment on vegetable juices. The nitrite scavenging ability of Angelica keiskei and Brassica loeracea var. acephala vegetable juices treated by UV irradiation was not different from that of control. The nitrate scavenging abilities of vegetable juices in pH 1.2 were higher than those in pH 3.0 and 4.2.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.140-144
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• 2001

Field investigations were initiated to determine possible new 'ssam' vegetable that could be grown during the summer season in highland. Korean 'ssam' means cooked rice in vegetables. The 'ssam' vegetable is called that those leaves has been used for wrapping at meal. Seventeen leafy vegetables were studied, including chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. flavescens DC.), leaf broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum Rottl.), Japanese hornwort (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk), red leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.), green leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.), leaf parsley (Petroselinum crispum Nijim), pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Jusl.) tatsoi (Brassica campestris var. narisoma), kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), Korean mint (Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze), romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam.), red leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. folisum), red chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. folisum), green leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. folisum), and sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica). Date of the first harvest in 1999 was July 10th in chard, leaf broccoli, red mustard, mustard, leaf parsley, pakchoi, tatsoi, kale, collard, Korean mint, red leaf chicory, red chicory, green leaf chicory, and sprouting broccoli. Date of the first harvest for Chinese leek, Japanese hornwort, and romaine lettuce was from the middle of June to the late of August. Based on ratings on marketable yield, we found good leaf shape, taste and yield in chard, red leaf mustard, green leaf mustard, pakchoi, tatsoi, romaine lettuce, red leaf chicory, red chicory, and green leaf chicory. Even though the most of all these vegetables were obtained high scores by test panels in shape, taste and quality, but some of them revealed inadequate leaf size as a 'ssam' vegetable. That problem will be solved by control of harvesting time. On the basis of this observation, chard, red leaf mustard, green leaf mustard, pakchoi, tatsoi, romaine lettuce, red leaf chicory, red chicory, and green leaf chicory were rated as promising 'ssam' vegetable by analysis of profits, adaptation, and quality.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

Sclerotinia rot occurred severely on some vegetable crops grown in Namyangju, Yangpyung, and Yangiu areas in Korea in 2001-2002. The crops infected with Scterotinia sp. were Adenophora remotiflora, Armoracia lapathfolia, Angelica acutiloba, Angelica archangelica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Aster tataricus, Beta vulgaris var. cicla, Brassica campestris var. marinosa, Brassica juncea var. laciniata, Chicholium intybus, Lactuca indica var. dracoglossa, Lactuca sativa var. oak-leaf, Petroselinum crispum, and Phyteuma japonicum. The fungus associated with the disease was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, based on the morphological characteristics of the pathogen. The symptoms were water-soaked spots that enlarged later and became a watery soft rot. Infected parts became yellow and then turned brown, followed by death of the whole plant. White mycelia developed on the upper petioles and leaves and on the soil where these plant parts lay. Then black sclerotia in variable size and shape formed from the mycelial mass. Pathogenicity of the fungus was proven by artificially inoculating each crop. This is the first report of Sclerotinia rot on the listed vegetable crops in Korea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2019

Revision work on the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds was undertaken in 2007 and presently, revisions for most food groups have been completed. For vegetables, the work was conducted during 2014-2017, and the final draft revision was adopted by the $40^{th}$ Codex Alimentarius Commission (2017). Here, the revised classification of vegetable commodities is introduced in order to be utilized in various food-related fields, in particular, food safety regulation. The revised classification is briefly summarized as follows: Codex classified vegetables into 10 groups (Group 009-018): bulb vegetables (Group 009), Brassica vegetables (except Brassica leafy vegetables) (Group 010), fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits (Group 011), fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits (Group 012), leafy vegetables (including Brassica leafy vegetables) (Group 013), legume vegetables (Group 014), pulses (Group 015), root and tuber vegetables (Group 016), stalk and stem vegetables (Group 017) and edible fungi (Group 018). The groups are further divided into a total of 33 subgroups. In the Classification, 430 different commodity codes are assigned to vegetable commodities. Meanwhile, Korea's Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) does not include potatoes, beans and mushrooms within a vegetable group. In addition, the MFDS divides one vegetable group into six subgroups including flowerhead Brassicas, leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits, and fruiting vegetables other than Cucurbits. Therefore, care is needed in using the Codex Classification.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.743-750
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• 2012

A total of 95 broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) accessions were evaluated for the identification of desulfo-glucosinolates and their content variation in the flower head using ultra performance liquid chromatography, to select the potentially functional broccoli breeding lines. The six individual desulfo-glucosinolates, including progoitrin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin, gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, and glucobrassicin, were commonly identified, based on the chromatogram peak comparison with those of the nine individual glucosinolate standards. The total glucosinolate contents varied from 4.2 to $29.0{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW and the glucoraphanin (1.6 to $13.9{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW) was confirmed as a major constituent in the total glucosinolate profile among the six identified individual glucosinolate species, whereas the progoitrin, which was only detected in 13 accessions, showed accession-specific variation and negative correlation with glucoraphanin content. It was also revealed that the four major glucosinolates, such as glucobrassicanapin, glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, and gluconapin, affected major content variation and showed higher positive inter-correlation. These results might be used for the selection of potential breeding materials as functional broccoli germplasm through the further evaluation on the stability and reproducibility of glucosinolate profile depending on environmental factors or cultural managements using the selected accessions.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.232-242
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• 2017

The goal of marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) is to significantly reduce the number of breeding generations required by using genome-based molecular markers to select for a particular trait; however, MAB systems have only been developed for a few vegetable crops to date. Among the types of molecular markers, SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) are primarily used in the analysis of genetic diversity due to their abundance throughout most genomes. To develop a MAB system in Chinese cabbage, a high-throughput (HT) marker system was used, based on a previously developed set of 468 SNP probes (BraMAB1, Brassica Marker Assisted Backcrossing SNP 1). We selected a broad-spectrum TuMV (Turnip mosaic virus) resistance (trs) Chinese cabbage line (SB22) as a donor plant, constructing a $BC_1F_1$ population by crossing it with the TuMV-susceptible 12mo-682-1 elite line. Foreground selection was performed using the previously developed trsSCAR marker. Background selection was performed using 119 SNP markers that showed clear polymorphism between donor and recipient plants. The background genome recovery rate (% recurrent parent genome recovery; RPG) was good, with three of 75 $BC_1F_1$ plants showing a high RPG rate of over 80%. The background genotyping result and the phenotypic similarity between the recurrent parent and $BC_1F_1$ showed a correlation. The plant with the highest RPG recovery rate was backcrossed to construct the $BC_2F_1$ population. Foreground selection and background selection were performed using 169 $BC_2F_1$ plants. This study shows that, using MAB, we can recover over 90% of the background genome in only two generations, highlighting the MAB system using HT markers as a highly efficient Brassica rapa backcross breeding system. This is the first report of the application of a SNP marker set to the background selection of Chinese cabbage using HT SNP genotyping technology.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2005

There has been increasing research interests that green vegetables play beneficial roles in human health. This study was performed to investigate the effects of freeze-dried green vegetable extract of Angelica keiskei Koidz (A) and Brassica oleracea acephala (B) on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in rats. Seven-weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups and fed diets containing 5% A & B and 0.5% cholesterol (cho) for 8 weeks [Control Diet (C) & C + chol (CC), A & A + chol (AC), B & B + chol (BC)]. Lipid profiles and antioxidant status were determined by enzyme assay methods. The serum levels of [LDL + VLDLJ-cholesterol of the rats fed vegetable extract diets A and B were significantly lower than that of group C and the ratios of HDL/[LDL + VLDL] were significantly higher in groups A and B. Addition of cholesterol in the diet, however, abolished this effect. The Brassica oleracea acephala juice lowered serum TG level even when cholesterol was added to the diet. Serum total antioxidant status(TAS) were significantly higher in groups A and B as compared to the control group and the ratios of [GSH-Px +Catalase]/total-SOD in the liver were also significantly higher in groups A and B indicating that H202 produced be efficiently removed. In conclusion, freeze-dried green vegetable extract diets (A and B) improved serum lipid profiles by increasing the HDL/[LDL + VLDL〕 ratio and exerted favorable influences on antioxidant systems by improving total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum and by significantly increasing the ratio of [GSH-Px + Catalase]/total-SOD in the liver.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.98-101
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• 2019

Pak choi (or a Bok choy; Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is a popular brassicaceous vegetable worldwide. In January 2019, a downy mildew symptom on pak choi was found at a farm located in Yongin, Korea. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic inference, the pathogenic oomycete was identified as Hyaloperonospora brassicae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew disease occurring on pak choi in Korea. Considering the increasing demand for this crop, this pathogen would be a potentially new threat to the cultivation of pak choi in Korea.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.466-469
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• 2005

Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Pekinensis) is Brassica vegetable that contains high amounts of glucosinolates. Glucosinolates and their breakdown products are thought to contribute to health promotion by preventing some cancers. Chinese cabbage is the most commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries including Korea. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of 3-butenyl glucosinolate (Gluconapin) from different cultivars and different parts of the cabbage were performed. Gluconapin of Chinese cabbage was extracted by hot ethanol ($80^{\circ}C$), isolated by an anion exchange column and identified by GC/MS and LC/MS. The levels of glucosinolates in Chinese cabbage varied according to the different parts, cultivars, and blanching time. In general, the concentrations of 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) were higher in the leaf than in the midribs parts. The cultivar 'Bulam no. 3' had a much greater content of 3-butenyl ITC than the cultivar 'Garak no. 1,' and the levels of butenyl ITC were highest after two weeks of storage. Blanching treatment decreased the concentration of 3-butenyl ITC. The ITC concentration varied extensively among different crops of the same species, and according to the different parts on the cabbage, the storage duration and the boiling time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1227-1236
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• 2001

Genotoxicological safety on 10 kGy-gamma irradiated vegetable juices such as Oenanthstolonifera DC., Daucus carota L., Brassica oleracea var. acephala and Angelica keiskei was determined by the Salmonella typhmurium reversion assay, the SOS Chromotest using in Escherichia cloi PQ37 and chromosome aberration test in cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cells. Vegetable juices exposed to 10 kGy-gamma ray revealed negative results in these three in vitro mutagenetic tests.