• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국독성학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2006

The fetal central nervous system (CNS) is sensitive to diverse environmental factors, such as alcohol, heavy metals, irradiation, mycotoxins, neurotransmitters, and DNA damage, because a large number of processes occur during an extended period of development. Fetal neural damage is an important issue affecting the completion of normal CNS development. As many concepts about the brain development have been recently revealed, it is necessary to compare the mechanism of developmental abnormalities induced by extrinsic factors with the normal brain development. To clarify the mechanism of fetal CNS damage, we used one experimental model in which 5-azacytidine (5AZC), a DNA damaging and demethylating agent, was injected to the dams of rodents to damage the fetal brain. 5AzC induced cell death (apoptosis)and cell cycle arrest in the fetal brain, and it lead to microencephaly in the neonatal brain. We investigated the mechanism of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the neural progenitor cells in detail, and demonstrated that various cell cycle regulators were changed in response to DNA damage. p53, the guardian of genome, played a main role in these processes. Further, using DNA microarray analysis, tile signal cascades of cell cycle regulation were clearly shown. Our results indicate that neural progenitor cells have the potential to repair the DNA damages via cell cyclearrest and to exclude highly affected cells through the apoptotic process. If the stimulus and subsequent DNA damage are high, brain development proceeds abnormally and results in malformation in the neonatal brain. Although the mechanisms of fetal brain injury and features of brain malformation afterbirth have been well studied, the process between those stages is largely unknown. We hypothesized that the fetal CNS has the ability to repair itself post-injuring, and investigated the repair process after 5AZC-induced damage. Wefound that the damages were repaired by 60 h after the treatment and developmental processes continued. During the repair process, amoeboid microglial cells infiltrated in the brain tissue, some of which ingested apoptotic cells. The expressions of genes categorized to glial cells, inflammation, extracellular matrix, glycolysis, and neurogenesis were upregulated in the DNA microarray analysis. We show here that the developing brain has a capacity to repair the damage induced by the extrinsic stresses, including changing the expression of numerous genes and the induction of microglia to aid the repair process.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2008

Heparin is a well-known anticoagulant widely used in various clinical settings. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that heparin also has anti-inflammatory effects on neuroinflammation-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and meningitis. However, the underlying mechanism of its actions remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory mechanism of heparin in cultured cerebral endothelial cells (CECs), and found that heparin inhibited the tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ ($TNF{\alpha}$)-induced and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$)-dependent expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which are crucial for inflammatory responses. Heparin selectively interfered with NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA-binding activity in the nucleus, which is stimulated by $TNF{\alpha}$. In addition, non-anticoagulant 2,3-O desulfated heparin (ODS) prevented NF-${\kappa}B$ activation by $TNF{\alpha}$, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of heparin action in CECs lies in heparin's ability to inhibit the expression of cell adhesion molecules, as opposed to its anticoagulant actions.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.64-69
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Breathing can be controlled either unconsciously or consciously. In Asian countries, various conscious breathing-control techniques have been practiced for many years to promote health and wellbeing. However, the exact mechanism underlying these techniques has not yet been established. The purpose of this study is to explore the physiological mechanism explaining how conscious breathing control could affect the autonomic nervous system, brain activity, and mental changes. Methods: The coupling phenomenon among breathing rhythm, heart rate variability, and brain waves was explored theoretically based on the research hypothesis and a review of the literature. Results: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a well-known phenomenon in which heart rate changes to become synchronized with breathing: inhalation increases heart rate and exhalation decreases it. HRV BFB training depends on conscious breathing control. During coherent sinusoidal heart rate changes, brain ${\alpha}$ waves could be enhanced. An increase in ${\alpha}$ waves was also found and the synchronicity between heart beat rhythm and brain wave became strengthened during meditation. Conclusion: In addition to the effect of emotion on breathing patterns, conscious breathing could change heart beat rhythms and brainwaves, and subsequently affect emotional status.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.365-373
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 소매틱스(Somatics)를 발전시킨 무용 콘텐츠(Dance Contents)의 신경과학적 매커니즘(neuroscientific mechanism)을 문헌연구를 통해 밝히고자 하였다. 이에 따라 첫째, 소매틱스에서 사용하는 뇌과학적 매커니즘을 정리하고 둘째, 무용에서 활용되고 있는 소매틱스 훈련법을 통해 적용된 훈련법에 내포된 뇌과학적 메커니즘을 문헌연구를 통해 밝혀보았다. 본 연구에서는 소매틱스를 휄든크라이스(Feldenkrais)로 제한하여 신경가소성(neuroplasticity), 고유수용감각(proprioception), 감각통합(sensory integration)를 통해 작동원리를 설명할 수 있었다. 연구결과 가가(Gaga)와 타말파(Tamalpa)는 휄든크라이스의 주요기법인 움직임을 통한 자각(awareness thorough movement)을 수용하여 고유수용감각을 통해 받아들인 정보들을 통해 새로운 네트워크를 형성하고 감각통합을 하는 방식을 취하였다. 본 연구는 무용 훈련 안에서 일어난 뇌와 신체 간의 작용원리를 과학적으로 설명하고, 안무자, 무용가들이 자신의 무용연구 및 훈련에 이를 적용하고, 뇌과학적 관점에서 신체 움직임의 작동원리를 설명할 수 있는 밑거름을 제공하는데 그 의의가 있다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.188-200
• /
• 2001

Background and Objetive : Acupuncture is a valuable method of oriental medicine with broad application in many disease. It is based on the experiences of traditional oriental medicine as well as on experimentally proven biological (biochemical and neurophysiological) effects. Acupuncture theory has been explained by the meridian system that is thought to be linked with particular organs. However, in western medicine it is held that many disorders are either controlled or affected by the brain. Material and Method : In order to review the studies concerned with the mechanism related brain, we have referred to the Pubmed site and the Journal of Korean acupuncture and moxibustion Result and Conculsion : Among the 12 studies in the Journal of Korean acupuncture and moxibustion, 8 papers related neurotransmitters were done by experimental study, 4 papers related brain mapping were done by clinical study. Among the 8 studies related brain mapping in the Pubmed site, 6 clinical studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) were done and I clinical study using single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) was done, I paper was review article. By the above result, it would be needed further research on the acupuncture mechanism related brain using SPECT, fMRI, positron emission tomography(PET) etc.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제15권11호
• /
• pp.591-601
• /
• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 심리운동과 뇌 기능간의 관계와 관련된 국내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 심리운동의 기전을 뇌 과학적 관점에서 규명하여 아동 치료 영역에서 활동하고 있는 교사, 치료사 및 아동 부모들에게 뇌 생리적 관점에서 심리운동의 기전에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 뇌 과학 관점에서 본 심리운동의 기전과 관련된 국내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 심리운동의 움직임을 통해 생애초기의 긍정적인 학습 환경과 다양한 신체경험은 뇌 생리적 관점에서 매우 중요하며, 아동이 움직이면 움직일수록 학습은 더욱더 증진되고, 건강한 정서조절 능력이 함양되어 뇌를 최적화 시킬 수 있는 가능성이 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 심리운동의 기전을 뇌 과학적 접근을 통해 알아본 본 연구는 심리운동의 움직임과 뇌 기능간의 관계를 이해하는데 매우 중요한 기초정보를 제공했다고 판단된다. 특히 아동이 움직이면 움직일수록 학습은 더욱더 증진되고, 건강한 정서조절 능력이 함양되어 뇌를 최적화 시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 교사, 치료사 및 부모를 이해시키는 것은 향후 우리 아이들을 잘 교육하기 위해 매우 필요한 과정이라고 판단된다. 물론 지금까지는 심리운동 기전과 뇌 기능에 관한 연구가 많이 부족했지만 본 연구를 통해 조금이나마 더 많은 사람들이 심리운동에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 계기가 되기를 희망한다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 학술발표 논문집 제16권 제1호
• /
• pp.45-48
• /
• 2006

The system that can generate biological brain information processing mechanism more precisely may have several abilities such as exact cognition, situation decision, learning and inference, and output decision. In this paper, to implement high level information processing and thinking ability in a complex system, the information processing layer based on the biological brain is introduced. The biological brain information processing mechanism, which is analyzed in this paper, provides fundamental information about intelligent engineering system, and the design of the layer that can mimic the functions of a brain through engineering definitions can efficiently introduce an intelligent information processing method having a consistent flow in various engineering systems. The applications proposed in this paper are expected to take several roles as a unified model that generates information process in various areas, such as engineering and medical field, with a dream of implementing humanoid artificial intelligent system.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.90-98
• /
• 2004

Traumatic brain injury is an insult to the brain caused by an external physical force, that may product a diminished or altered state of consciousness, which results in impairment of cognitive abilities or physical function. The purposes of this study were to overview injury mechanism and neural plasticity of traumatic brain injury. Injury mecanism includes exitotoxicity, production free radical, inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore traumatic brain injury has protective mechanisms includes production of neural growth factor, heat shock protein, anti-inflammatory cytokines.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.393-398
• /
• 2005

An electromechanical type is the most useful mechanism in the various pumping mechanisms. It, however, requires a movement converting system including a ball screw, a helical cam, or a solenoid-beam spring, which makes the device complex and may lessen reliability. Thus, the authors have hypothesized that an electromagnetic actuator mechanism can eliminate the movement converting system and that thereby enhance the mechanical reliability and operative simplicity of an electro­pneumatic pump. The purpose of this study was to show a novel application of electromagnetic actuator mechanism in pulsatile pump and to provide preliminary data for further evaluations. The electromagnetic actuator consists of stators with a single winding excitation coil and movers with a high energy density neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet. A 0.5mm diameter wire was used for the excitation coil, and 1000 turns were wound onto the stators core with parallel. A prototype of extracorporeal electro-pneumatic pump was constructed, and the pump performance tests were performed using a mock system to evaluate the efficiency of the electromagnetic actuator mechanism. When forward and backward electric currents were supplied to the excitation coil, the mover effectively moved back and forth. The nominal stroke length of the actuator was 10mm. The actuator dimension was 120mm in diameter and 65mm in height with a mass of 1.4kg. The prototype pump unit was 150mm in diameter, 150mm in thickness and 4.5kg in weight. The maximum force output was 70N at input current of 4.5A and the maximum pump rate was 150 beats per minute. The maximum output was 2.0 L/minute at a rate of 80bpm when the afterload was 100mmHg. The electromagnetic actuator mechanism was successfully applied to construct the prototype of extracorporeal electro­pneumatic pump. The authors provide the above results as a preliminary data for further studies.

• 한국융합학회논문지
• /
• 제8권11호
• /
• pp.461-476
• /
• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 과훈련 증후군과 관련된 기존의 이론을 살펴보고, 새로운 접근인 과훈련 증후군 및 뇌신경전달물질과 신경조절물질 간의 역할과 관련된 국내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 스포츠 지도자와 선수들에게 뇌 과학적 관점에서 과훈련 증후군에 대한 이해도를 높일 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 본 연구결과 과훈련 증후군에 대한 많은 가설들이 제안되었으며, 각각 강점과 약점이 있었다. 그리고 뇌신경 전달 물질인 세로토닌의 농도가 증가 할 때 발생하는 유사한 증상이 과훈련 증후군의 신호와 증상과 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 중추신경 또는 말초신경 그 어느 곳에서 매개되는지에 대한 기전을 구별 할 수 없기 때문에 현재까지는 검증 할 수 없었다. 따라서 과훈련 증후군의 기전을 기존의 이론 및 뇌 신경전달물질과 신경조절물질의 상호작용을 통해 알아본 본 연구는 스포츠 현장에서 활동하고 있는 지도자와 선수들에게 과훈련 증후군의 복잡한 원인을 이해시키는데 매우 중요한 기초정보를 제공할 것이라고 판단된다. 물론 지금까지는 과훈련 증후군 기전 및 뇌 신경전달물질과 신경조절물질 간의 연관성에 관한 연구가 많이 부족했지만 본 연구를 통해 조금이나마 더 많은 사람들이 과훈련 증후군에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 계기가 되기를 기대한다.