• 한국안전학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2016

This paper presents a new strengthening method of underground box structures against seismic loads for anti-seismic capacity improvement. A threaded steel member with pressure devices(so called 'Pre-flexed member system') is used to improve seismic capacity of the RC box structure. The pre-flexed member system is fixed the corner of opening after chemical anchor was installed by drilling hole on the box structure. The structural performance was evaluated analytically. Two bracing types of strengthening methods were used; conventional bracing method and I-bracing pressure system. For the performance evaluation, seismic analyses were performed on moment and shear resisting structures with and without strength member system. Numerical results confirmed that the proposed pre-flexed member system can enhance the seismic capacity of the underground RC box structures.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 단재하경로 구조로 인식되는 2-거더교에서 한 개 거더의 손상 시 여유도를 평가하기 위한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 실험변수는 하부 수평브레이싱으로 하여 하부 수평브레이싱이 설치된 경우와 설치되지 않은 경우의 단경간 1/5 모형 시험체 2개를 제작하였다. 먼저 균열이 없는 정상상태 시험체에 대해서 탄성범위 내에서 재하실험을 수행하였으며, 이후 지간 중앙부의 한 개 거더에 인위적인 손상을 가한 후 종국상태에 이르기까지 재하 실험을 수행하였다. 실험으로부터 정상상태의 교량에서도 수평브레이싱은 하중 재분배 역할을 수행하였으며, 한 개 거더에 심각한 손상이 발생한 경우에는 가로보와 바닥판이 비균열 거더 측으로 하중 재분배 기능을 일부 수행하였으나, 특히 하부 수평브레이싱은 2-거더교의 손상 시 여유도 향상에 매우 중요한 기능을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.671-680
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 연속 2-거더교에서 하부 수평브레이싱의 유 무에 따른 하중분배효과를 파악하기 위하여 실제 교량으로부터 1/5 축소 제작된 모형 교량을 이용하여 재하 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면 편재하된 하중에 대해 수평브레이싱이 설치되면 바닥판과 가로보의 구조적 기능이 향상되어 하중의 분배효과가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 해석모델을 사용하여 수평브레이싱 유 무에 따른 하중분배율을 정량적으로 평가해 본 결과, 수평브레이싱이 미설치된 경우는 대부분 바닥판에 의해 편재하 하중의 21% 정도가 반대측 거더로 전달되었고, 설치된 경우는 가로보와 브레이싱, 그리고 바닥판 모두 하중분배에 기여하여 하중분배효과가 1.7배 정도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 수평브레이싱이 설치로 인해 가로보와 바닥판, 그리고 수평브레이싱 부재가 유사폐합단면을 구성하여 시험체의 비틂 강성이 증가되기 때문으로 분석되었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권4A호
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• pp.417-429
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 단재하경로 구조로 인식되는 연속 2-거더교에서 한 개 거더에 심각한 균열 손상의 발생 시 여유도를 평가하기 위한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 하부 수평브레이싱이 여유도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 실험변수는 하부 수평브레이싱으로 하고 하부 수평브레이싱을 설치한 경우와 설치하지 않은 1/5 모형 시험체 2개를 제작하였다. 그리고 각 시험체에 대해 측경간의 한 개 거더에 인위적으로 손상을 가한 후 종국상태에 이르기까지 재하 실험을 수행하였다. 실험으로부터 하부 수평브레이싱이 없는 시험체에 비해 설치된 경우가 1.2배 정도 높은 내하 성능을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 실제 교량의 고정하중효과를 반영하기 위한 전산해석을 수행하고, 이로부터 여유도 평가를 수행한 결과, 2-거더교가 연속교 형식으로 적용되면 수평브레이싱이 없어도 적절한 여유도를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 수평브레이싱이 설치되면 1.8배 정도의 여유도가 향상되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.375-387
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• 2018

This paper presents a review on progressive collapse mechanism of steel framed buildings exposed to fire. The influence of load ratios, strength of structural members (beam, column, slab, connection), fire scenarios, bracing systems, fire protections on the collapse mode and collapse time of structures is comprehensively reviewed. It is found that the key influencing factors include load ratio, fire scenario, bracing layout and fire protection. The application of strong beams, high load ratios, multi-compartment fires will lead to global downward collapse which is undesirable. The catenary action in beams and tensile membrane action in slabs contribute to the enhancement of structural collapse resistance, leading to a ductile collapse mechanism. It is recommended to increase the reinforcement ratio in the sagging and hogging region of slabs to not only enhance the tensile membrane action in the slab, but to prevent the failure of beam-to-column connections. It is also found that a frame may collapse in the cooling phase of compartment fires or under travelling fires. This is because that the steel members may experience maximum temperatures and maximum displacements under these two fire scenarios. An edge bay fire is more prone to induce the collapse of structures than a central bay fire. The progressive collapse of buildings can be effectively prevented by using bracing systems and fire protections. A combination of horizontal and vertical bracing systems as well as increasing the strength and stiffness of bracing members is recommended to enhance the collapse resistance. A protected frame dose not collapse immediately after the local failure but experiences a relatively long withstanding period of at least 60 mins. It is suggested to use three-dimensional models for accurate predictions of whether, when and how a structure collapses under various fire scenarios.

• Architectural research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Structural ageing influences the structural performance in a negative way by reducing the seismic resilience of the structure which makes it a major concern around the world. Retrofitting is considered to be a pragmatic and feasible solution to address this issue. Numerous retrofitting techniques are devised by researchers over the years. The viability of using steel bracings as retrofitting component is evaluated on a G+30 storied building model designed according to ACI318-14 and ASCE 7-16. Four different types of steel bracing arrangements (V, Inverted V/ Chevron, Cross/ X, Diagonal) are assessed in the model developed in commercial nu-merical analysis software while considering both material and geometric nonlinearities. Reducing displacement and cost in the structures indicates that the design is safe and economical. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to find the best bracing system that causes minimum displacement, which indicates maximum lateral stiffness. To evaluate the seismic vulnerability of each system, incremental dynamic analysis was conducted to develop fragility curves, followed by the formation of collapse margin ratio (CMR) as stipulated in FEMA P695 and finally, a cost estimation was made for each system. The outcomes revealed that the effects of ge-ometric nonlinearity tend to evoke hazardous consequences if not considered in the structural design. Probabilistic seismic and economic probes indicated the superior performance of V braced frame system and its competency to be a germane technique for retrofitting.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.69-75
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• 1989

브레이싱재를 사용하는 목적은 본 골조체계 즉 기둥과 보에 비해 단면(강성)이 작은 부재로 보강하여 횡력에 대한 강성효과를 크게 향상시키기 위함이다. 브레이싱재의 단면이 기둥과 보의 단면에 비해 월등히 작기 때문에 압축력에 의한 좌굴의 위험성과 휨량의 크기에 비례하여 부재 중앙에 발생되는 추가 모멘트(P-.DELTA. Effect)에 의한 불리한 영향 및 해석상의 어려움 때문에 브레이싱의 설계에 있어서 브레이싱재는 압축력을 받지 않는 것으로 간주하여 왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 구조물 해석에 정확도가 요구되어짐에 따라 브레이싱재의 정확한 거동에 대한 연구가 실험을 통해 활발히 진행되어 왔고, 특히 탄성한계를 지난 소성상태에서 반복하중에 의한 거동 규명이 큰 관심을 끌고 있다. 본 논문에서는 반복하중을 받는 강재 브레이싱재의 비선형 거동을 해석적 방법에 의해 규명했고, 그 결과를 실험결과와 비교하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

The researches related to active control systems utilizing superelastic shape memory alloys (SMA) have been recently conducted to reduce critical damage due to lateral deformation after severe earthquakes. Although Superelastic SMAs undergo considerable inelastic deformation, they can return to original conditions without heat treatment only after stress removal. We can expect the mitigation of residual deformation owing to inherent recentering characteristics when these smart materials are installed at the part where large deformation is likely to occur. Therefore, the primary purpose of this research is to develop concentrically braced frames (CBFs) with superelastic SMA bracing systems and to evaluate the seismic performance of such frame structures. In order to investigate the inter-story drift response of CBF structures, 3- and 6-story buildings were design according to current design specifications, and then nonlinear time-history analyses were performed on numerical 2D frame models. Based on the numerical analysis results, it can be comparatively verified that the CBFs with superelastic SMA bracing systems have more structural advantages in terms of energy dissipation and recentering behavior than those with conventional steel bracing systems.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.305-325
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• 1998

A method that determines the minimum stiffness of baracing to achieve non-sway buckling conditions at a given story level of a multi-column elastic frame is proposed. Condensed equations that evaluate the required minimum stiffness of the lateral and torsional bracing are derived using the classical stability functions. The proposed method is applicable to elastic framed structures with rigid, semirigid, and simple connections. It is shown that the minimum stiffness of the bracing required by a multi-column system depends on: 1) the plan layout of the columns; 2) the variation in height and cross sectional properties among the columns; 3) the applied axial load pattern on the columns; 4) the lack of symmetry in the loading pattern, column layout, column sizes and heights that cause torsion-sway and its effects on the flexural bucking capacity; and 5) the flexural and torsional end restrains of the columns. The proposed method is limited to elastic framed structures with columns of doubly symmetrical cross section with their principal axes parallel to the global axes. However, it can be applied to inelastic structures when the nonlinear behavior is concentrated at the end connections. The effects of axial deformations in beams and columns are neglected. Three examples are presented in detail to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

The energy dissipation of inverted V-type eccentric steel braced frames can be achieved through the yielding of a slit link, through yielding of a number of strips between slits when the frame is subjected to inelastic cyclic deformation. On the other hand, the development of seismic resistance system without residual deformation is obtained by applying the superelasdtic shape memory alloy (SMA) material into the brace and link elements. This paper presents results from a systematic three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis on the structural behavior of the eccentric bracing systems subjected to cyclic loadings. A wide scope of structural behaviors explains the horizontal stiffness, hysteretic behaviors, and failure modes of the recentering eccentric bracing system. The accurate results presented here serve as benchmark data for comparison with results obtained using modern experimental testing and alternative theoretical approaches.