• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.145-172
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• 1984

In order to assess the physical growth pattern of Korean Youth, the authors measured the body height, body weight, chestgirth and sitting height of 40967 persons (24832 males and 16135 females) from primary schools, middle and high schools and colleges of metropolitan (urban) and rural areas, and calculated the mene, standard deviation, standard error and coefficient variance of the body weight chestgirth, sitting height and various pertinent index by body height to demonstrate the standard physical growth and development by body height of sex and age. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. Physical growth and development: Rapid growth of physical growth in terms of body height has been observed among males in the age $7{\sim}15$ and among female $7{\sim}13$. Growth in terms of body height turned out to be slower among students of higher age by both sexes. The age of cross over between to sexes is between 10 to 13 years where upon girls out grows boys. Maximum annual growth were upon girls out grows boys. Maximum annual growth were both of 6.16cm from 8 to 9 years old and 12 to 13 years old for boys and 7.2cm from 8 to 9 and 6.1cm from 9 to 10 for girls. This indicates that girls enter a rapidly growing stage 2 years earlier than boys. Meanwhile, prominent improvement in body height of national students over period of ten year was noticed. 2. The distribution status of body height by age: The distribution status of body height by age were as follows; 7 year of age: boys-30cm range of body height from 104.0cm to 133.9cm, girls-27cm from 104.0cm to 130.9cm 8 year of age: boys-30cm from 116.0 to 145.9cm girls-33cm from 113.0 to 145.9cm 9 year of age: boys-30cm from 116.0 to 145.9cm girls-33cm from 113.0 to 145.9cm 10 year of age: boys-39cm from 116.0 to 154.9cm girls-39cm from 119.0 to 157.9cm 11 year of age: boys-45cm from 119.0 to 163.9cm girls-39cm from 122.0 to 160.9cm 12 year of age: boys-45cm from 125.0 to 169.9cm girls-42cm from 125.0 to 166.9cm 13 year of age: boys-45cm from 128.0 to 172.9cm girls-42cm from 128.0 to 169.9cm 14 year of age: boys-48cm from 131.0 to 178.9cm girls-36cm from 134.0 to 169.9cm 15 year of age: boys-42cm from 137.0 to 181.9cm girls-33cm from 137.0 to 169.9cm 16 year of age: boys-39cm from 146.0 to 184.9cm girls-30cm from 143.0 to 172.9cm 17 year of age: boys-39cm from 146.0 to 184.9cm girls-27cm from 143.0 to 169.9cm 18 year of age: boys-36cm from 152.0 to 187.9cm girls-27cm from 146.0 to 172.9cm 19 year of age: boys-30cm from 155.0 to 184.9cm girls-24cm from 146.0 to 169.9cm 20 year of age: boys-24cm from 158.0 to 181.9cm girls-l8cm from 149.0 to 166.9cm 3. Standard values of body weight, chest-girth and sitting height by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from3-a to 16-a. 4. Standard values of relative body weight, relative chestgirth and relative sitting height by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-b to 16-b. 5. Standard values of physical and nutritional indices (Rohrer index, Kaup index, Vervaeck index and Pelidisi index) by body height of age were found all age groups from 7 to 20 years old and listed in tables from 3-c to 16-c.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.168-180
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• 1996

This study was accomplished to investigate the prevalence of obesity among the 229 elementary school children(boys; 115 persons, girls; 114 persons) during 4 years by retrospective study. The results were as follows; 1. The mean height and weight of 229 subjects were 143.2cm(boys;143.4cm, girls; 142.7cm), 38.8kg(boys;40.4kg, girls;36.9kg), respectively. And other anthropometric body index such as the mean BMI, Rohrer Index, WLI and Obesity Index of subjects were 18.8(boys;19.5, girls; 18.0), 1.31(boys;1.36, girls; 1.26), 115.5(boys;121.4, girls; 108.9) and 110.6(boys;114.5, girls; 106.7), respectively. 2. The mean percentile values of height and weight of subjects were higher than the '85 Korean Children's Growth Standard, respectively. In the case of boys, the 75th percentile value of weights was larger than that's 97th's. And in the case of girls, the 75th percentile value of weights was equalled to the that's 90th's. 3. When the subjects were classified into 4 groups such as obese, overweight, normal, and lean groups according to Obesity Index, their percentages were 28.8%(boys; 38.3%, girls; 19.3%), ll.8%(boys; 9.6%, girls; 14.0%), 50.7%(boys; 47.0%, girls; 54.4%) and 8.7%(boys; 5.2%, girls; 12.3%), respectively. And only I person(3.3%) is classified into normal group and 2 persons(6.7%) are classified into overweight group when they become 5 grade among 30 persons(13.1%) who were classified into obese group when they were I grade. 4. Changes in percentage of subjects differentiated by 3 indices during 4 years(from I grade to 5 grade) were as follows; In the case of BMI were 5.2%, 5.2%, 11.8%, 21.0%, 27.5%. In the case of Roher index were 13.1%, 11.8%, 14.4%, 14.8%, 17.8%. And in the case of WLI were 15.7%, 21.6%, 29.5%, 32.2%, 36.7%. 5. There was no significant difference among 4 groups on the skip rate of breakfast(obese;48.5%, overweight;55. mean meal time of subjects took about 10 minutes which was short, and the eating rate of obese group was significantly shorter than that of other groups(p<0.05). There was a tendency that the rate of the obese or overweight group eating together in breakfast and dinner was lower than that of normal or lean group. The mean T.V. watching time and the rate of eating out of subjects were 1-2 hours/day and 1 or 2 times/week. In conclusion, the subjects have been grown remarkably compared to the '85 Korean Children's Growth Standard, especially boy's weight. In order to the elementary school children to be grew as healthful citizen they should recognize the importance of meals of everyday, the balanced meals, and desirable eating habits. In addition to these, we should educate the ways of meal-life to them. We also are in need to develope the methods of education for the students themselves and their parents so that could prevent the increase rate of obesity.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.49-60
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• 1999

This study investigated the relationship between mother's verbal confrol modes and children's emotional anxiety. The subjects of this study were 157boys and 144 girls attending elementary schools in Busan. Lee Kyung-Hee's(1993) questionnaire on mother's verval control modes, and Kang's(1986) questionnaire on emotional anxiety were used. The results were as follows: 1) There were significant differences in boys and girls about mother's imperative control mode. and children's emotional anxiety. Boys got the higher scores than the girls in mother's imperative control modes. But Girls got the higher score than the boys in children's emotional anxiety. 2) Only for boys, There were significant correlations between mother's imperative control mode and children's emotional anxiety. 3) Sex variabl and mother's imperative control mode variables were the predictor influencing on children's emotional anxiety. That is, girls shown higher emotional anxiety than boys. And children shown higher imperative control get higher emotional anxiety score.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify egocentrism, self-consciousness, and body cathexis between Boys' and Girls' high school students. It helps us to understand them. Also we investigated the correlation between psychological characteristics and clothing behavior of high school students. The questionnaire were administered to 630 boys' and girls' high school students living in Jinju, Gyeongnam, and the data were analyzed by Frequency, Factor Analysis, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation, ANOVA, Multiple Regression Analysis and Duncan test. Egocentrism of high school boys and girls showed middle levels of mean and distribution, and sympathy was the highest at coeducation high School whereas a sense of justice was the highest at boys' high school. Self-consciousness was high level at both boys' and girls' high school, but public self-consciousness was higher than personal one. Both of them were higher in girls' than in boys'. Also body satisfaction was a little high and boys satisfied with their faces, busts, and whole body more than girls. There were significant differences among dressing for others, clothing interest, psychological dependence, exhibition except conformity. Girls have dressing for others, clothing interest, and exhibition more than boys. There were significant positive correlations among dressing for others, clothing interest, psychological dependence, and conformity whereas exhibition was negatively related to clothing behavior. Public self-consciousness, appearance, and popularity were the most influential variables to dressing for others. Also gender was proved to be one of the most influencing factors on students' clothing behavior.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 1976

The purpose of this paper is to present the clinical findings obtained from the fourth year epidemiological study on dental caries prevalence in Korean children and to compare them with those from the first year study made in 1973 by Paik. The oral examination was performed for this study on 1,451 children, composed of 808 boys and 643 girls, at "K" elementary school located in Seoul, Korea. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. The df person rate of primary teeth is 90.30% for boys, 90.67% for girls, and 90.43% for all, which is 7.41% higher than the first year value. 2. The dft index per child of primary teeth is 4.26 for boys, 4.30 for girls, and 4.28 for all, which is 0.42 higher than the first year value. The dt index is 2.49 for boys, 2.44 for girls, and 2.47 for all, which is 0.59 lower than the first year value. The ft index is 1.77 for boys, 1.86 for girls, and 1.81 for all, which is 1.01 higher than the first year value. 3. The DMF person rate of permanent teeth is 70.24% for boys, 73.05% for girls, and 71.49% for all, which is 16.28% lower than the first year value. 4. The DMFT index per child of permanent teeth is 2.08 for boys, 2.50 for girls, and 2.27 for all, which is 1.31 lower than the first year value. The DT index is 1.44 for boys, 1.64 for girls, and 1.53 for all, which is 1.53 lower than the first year value. The FT index is 0.61 for body, 0.85 for girls, and 0.71 for all, which is 0.21 higher than the first year value. The MT index is 0.02 for all, which is statistically the same as the first year value.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity in urban and rural junior high school students. Height, weight, skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance were measured. The results obtained were summarized as follows : The average height and weight of boys were respectively 159.61cm 50.56kg and those of girls were respectively 155.88cm, 48.12kg. The percentage of obesity was respectively 6.20%, 10.22%, 5.47%, 17.15%, 14.60% for boys and 4.38%. 9.69%, 3.13%, 3.75%, 7.19% for girls by BMI, RI. OI, % body fat I, % body fat II. The rates of obesity were higher in boys than in girls, so nutritional education on obesity for boys is especially necessary. 21.09% of boys and 7.04% of girls in urban and 7.09% of boys and 7.48% of girls in rural were obese. Correlation coefficients between TC(triceps skinfold thickness + calf skinfold thickness) and BMI, RI, OI, % body fat I and % body fat II were 0.66, 0.67, 0.67, 0.77, 0.70.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.447-459
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• 2013

This study aimed to investigate the influence of mother's responsive/restrictive parenting and peer attachment on academic stress in school-aged boys and girls. The participants were 493 5th, 6th graders from five elementary schools in Daegu and Gyeongbuk province. The collected data were analyzed through a t-test, multiple regression, hierarchial regression using SPSS Win 19.0. The results are as follows. (1) Level of academic stress of school-aged girls was higher than boys. (2) Responsive parenting of mothers was the most powerful explanation in academic stress of school-aged boys. However restrictive parenting of mothers was the most powerful explanation in academic stress of school-aged girls. (3) In boys, responsive parenting of mothers influenced their academic stress but peer attachment didn't influence the boys academic stress. In girls, responsive parenting of mothers and peer attachment influenced their academic stress, and interaction effects of responsive parenting of mothers and peer attachment on academic stress was observed. (4) Both boys and girls, restrictive parenting of mothers and peer attachment had influences on academic stress. And interaction effects of responsive parenting of mothers and peer attachment on academic stress was not observed.

• 아동학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.19-33
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• 1998

The relationships of maternal childrearing behaviors and peer experiences to children's self-esteem were examined with a sample of 433 5th- and 6th-grade elementary school students (236 boys and 197 girls) and their mothers. Children answered the questionnaires on peer experience (victimization by peers and peer aggression) and self-esteem, and their mothers answered the questionnaires on maternal childrearing behaviors. Maternal warmth was significantly related to children's self-esteem both in boys and girls. The warmer their mothers, the higher the children's self-esteem. Maternal permissiveness/nonintervention was related to self-esteem only in boys; the more permissive/nonintervention the mothers, the lower the boys self-esteem. Peer experiences (victimization by peers and peer aggression) were significantly related to self-esteem both in boys and girls; the more victimization by peers and peer aggression, the lower their self-esteem. Maternal warmth was related to victimization by peers only in girls; the warmer the mothers, the less victimization by peers experienced by girls. The effect of maternal warmth on self-esteem was mediated by victimization by peers for girls, which indicates that maternal warmth doesn't have a direct influence but an indirect influence on victimization by peers of children. Victimization by peers was related to peer aggression both in boys and girls. The more victimization by peers they experienced, the more peer aggression they showed.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.490-500
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the snack and beverage intake patterns of students by body mass index groups (BMI <18.5, 18.5-23, 23-30, ${\geq}$30). Questionnaires were completed by 1381 high school students in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do, the area of Korea's capital region. There were no significant differences in skipping meals for overweight (BMI 23-30 and ${\geq}$30) or under-nourished (BMI <18.5) students. Girls skipped dinner more frequently than boys. Boys and girls both preferred meat and disliked fish regardless of BMI. Girls with BMI 23-30 disliked vegetables. Boys and girls would rather have crackers, candies, and chocolates than potatoes as snacks regardless of BMI. Obese boys (BMI ${\geq}$30) preferred flour-based food, fast food, and other food as snacks. Girls liked fruits more than boys. Snacks were eaten 2-3 times per week, when students were hungry or bored. There were no significant differences in the frequency or reasons (habitual, stressed) for snack consumption by BMI. Girls liked juice more than boys did, and boys preferred soda water more than girls did. Both the under-nourished (BMI <18.5) boy and girl groups had more juice than the overweight (BMI 23-30 and ${\geq}$30) groups. Obese (BMI ${\geq}$30) boys did not more drink soda water than other BMI groups. The under-nourished (BMI <18.5) boy group had more soda water than the normal (BMI 18.5-23) and overweight (BMI 23-30) groups. Girls in the overweight (BMI 23-30) group had 2 more cups of soda water a day than the normal group (BMI 18.5-23). Therefore, skipping meals and beverage intake patterns might influence BMI.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.243-262
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• 1999

Today, obesity is not recognized as a disease itself but is known to be the indirect cause of much chronic illness. Obesity has an impact on psychological disorders including severe inferiority, damage of body self-image, low self-esteem, personality disorders. The results in an increase of the mortality rate. Therefore, this study attempts to discover and evaluate stressful experience in obese teenagers. For this study, 21 girl students and 19 boy students in Pusan middle or high school located were selected. The data were collected from March to May at 1999. A tape-recorder was used under the permission of the subjects to prevent the loss of spoken information and communication. This study consisted of 563 reponses from girls and 461 responses from boys which were then classified with descriptive expressions and priority classifications. The results generated 72 common elements in girls and 54 common elements in boys. From these elements 24 syntheses of hypothetical definitions and 8 identifications of the structural definitions in both girls and boys were developed. The structural and hypothetical definitions were as follows: The analysis of the data was made through a phenomenological analytic method suggested by Van kamm, which is as follows: 1. Maladjustment to school life; lack of understanding of the teacher, insufficient exercise ability, and a feeling of burden in attending the school obesity program. 2. Conflict in family relationships; lack of understanding from the family, a feeling of alienation. 3. Conflict in friend relationships; lack of understanding among friends, constant comparisons in appearance and body with friends (in girls) and estrangement from friends (in boys). 4. Conflict in acquaintance of the opposite sex; hoping to meet the opposite sex, lack of understanding of boy friends (in girls), feelings of pain, feelings of anxiety (in girls) feelings of burden (in girls) feelings of envy (in boys). 5. Negative body image: shape of body; feelings of pain; feelings of powerlessness; feelings of discomfort, and reception; emotional disorders (in boys), and change of personality (in boys). 6. Health disorder: Physical and psychological discomfort. 7. Feelings of burden in weight control; negative experiences in weight control, interference with family and friends, the difficulty in diet therapy, feelings of burden in exercise (in girls), to be teased by the public through mass media (in boys).